清华大学成本会计第四章答案

2-1CHAPTER2ANINTRODUCTIONTOCOSTTERMSANDPURPOSES2-1Acostobjectisanythingforwhichaseparatemeasurementofcostsisdesired.Examplesincludeaproduct,aservice,aproject,acustomer,abrandcategory,anactivity,andadepartment.2-2Costassignmentisageneraltermthatencompassestheassignmentofbothdirectcostsandindirectcoststoacostobject.Directcostsaretracedtoacostobjectwhileindirectcostsareallocatedtoacostobject.Directcostsofacostobjectarerelatedtotheparticularcostobjectandcanbetracedtoitinaneconomicallyfeasible(cost-effective)way.Indirectcostsofacostobjectarerelatedtotheparticularcostobjectbutcannotbetracedtoitinaneconomicallyfeasible(cost-effective)way.2-3Managersbelievethatcoststhataretracedtoaparticularcostobjectaremoreaccuratelyassignedtothatcostobjectthanareallocatedcosts.Managersprefertousemoreaccuratecostsintheirdecisions.2-4Factorsaffectingtheclassificationofacostasdirectorindirectinclude:thematerialityofthecostinquestion,availableinformation-gatheringtechnology,designofoperations,andcontractualarrangements.2-5Manufacturing-sectorcompaniespurchasematerialsandcomponentsandconvertthemintodifferentfinishedgoods.Merchandising-sectorcompaniespurchaseandthenselltangibleproductswithoutchangingtheirbasicform.Service-sectorcompaniesprovidesericesorintangibleproductstotheircustomersforexample,legaladviceoraudits.2-6Acostdriverisafactor,suchasthelevelofactivityorvolume,thatcausallyaffectscosts(overagiventimespan).Achangeinthecostdriverresultsinachangeinthecostofthecostobject.Forexample,numberofvehiclesassembledisadriverofthecostsofsteeringwheelsonamotor-vehicleassemblyline.2-7Avariablecostchangesintotalinproportiontochangesintherelatedleveloftotalactivityorvolume.Anexampleisasalescommissionthatisapercentageofeachsalesrevenuedollar.Afixedcostremainsunchangedintotalforagiventimeperioddespitewidechangesintherelatedleveloftotalactivityorvolume.Anexampleistheleasingcostofamachinethatisunchangedforagiventimeperiod(suchasayear).2-8Therelevantrangeisthebandofactivityorvolumeinwhichaspecificrelationshipbetweenthelevelofactivityorvolumeandthecostinquestionisvalid.Thisconceptenablestheuseoflinearcostfunctionswhenexaminingcost-volume-profit(CVP)relationshipsaslongasthevolumelevelsarewithinthatrelevantrange.2-22-9Aunitcostiscomputedbydividingsomeamountoftotalcosts(thenumerator)bytherelatednumberofunits(thedenominator).Inmanycases,thenumeratorwillincludeafixedcostthatwillnotchangedespitechangesinthedenominator.Itiserroneousinthosecasestomultiplytheunitcostbyactivityorvolumechangetopredictchangesintotalcostsatdifferentactivityorvolumelevels.2-10Manufacturingcompaniestypicallyhaveoneormoreofthefollowingthreetypesofinventory.1.Directmaterialsinventory.Directmaterialsinstockandawaitinguseinthemanufacturingprocess.2.Work-in-processinventory.Goodspartiallyworkedonbutnotyetfullycompleted.Alsocalledworkinprogress.3.Finishedgoodsinventory.Goodsfullycompletedbutnotyetsold.2-11Inventoriablecostsareallcostsofaproductthatareregardedasanassetwhentheyareincurredandthenbecomecostofgoodssoldwhentheproductissold.Thesecostsareincludedinwork-in-processandfinishedgoodsinventory(theyareinventoried)tobuildupthecostsofcreatingtheseassets.Periodcostsareallcostsintheincomestatementotherthancostofgoodssold.Thesecostsaretreatedasexpensesoftheperiodinwhichtheyareincurredbecausetheyarepresumednottobenefitfutureperiods(orbecausethereisnotsufficientevidencetoconcludethatsuchbenefitexists).Expensingthesecostsimmediatelybestmatchesexpensestorevenues.2-12No.Servicesectorcompanieshavenoinventoriesand,hence,noinventoriablecosts.2-13Directmaterialscostsaretheacquisitioncostsofallmaterialsthateventuallybecomepartofthecostobject(work-in-processorfinishedgoods),andthatcanbetracedtothecostobjectinaneconomicallyfeasibleway.Directmanufacturinglaborcostsincludethecompensationofallmanufacturinglaborthatcanbetracedtothecostobjectinaneconomicallyfeasibleway.Indirectmanufacturingcostsareallmanufacturingcoststhatareconsideredpartofthecostobject,unitsfinishedorinprocess,butthatcannotbetracedtothatcostobjectinaneconomicallyfeasibleway.Primecostsarealldirectmanufacturingcosts.Conversioncostsareallmanufacturingcostsotherthandirectmaterialcosts.2-14Overtimepremiumconsistsofthewageratepaidtoallworkers(forbothdirectlaborandindirectlabor)inexcessoftheirstraight-timewagerates.Idletimeisasubclassificationofindirectlaborthattypicallyrepresentswagespaidforunproductivetimecausedbylackoforders,machinebreakdowns,materialshortages,poorscheduling,andthelike.2-32-15Aproductcostisthesumofthecostsassignedtoaproductforaspecificpurpose.Purposesforcomputingaproductcostinclude:•Pricingandproductemphasisdecisions.•Contractingwithgovernmentagencies.•Preparingfinancialstatementsforexternalreportingundergenerallyacceptedaccountingprinciples.2-16(10min.)Totalcostsandunitcosts.1.Totalcost,$4,000.Unitcostperperson,$4,000÷500=$8.002.Totalcost,$4,000.Unitcostperperson,$4,000÷2,000=$2.003.Themainlessonofthisexerciseistoalertthestudentearlyinthecoursetothedesirabilityofthinkingintermsoftotalcostsratherthanunitcostswhereverf