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Chapter1单词翻译：Nicotian烟草属combustion：燃烧.Solanaceae茄科combustibility可燃性度nicotine尼古丁，烟碱pestresistance抗虫害agronomicperformance农艺性能Chinese－StyleCigarette：中式卷烟Chinese-stylecigarette：中式卷烟Virginian-typecigarette：烤烟型卷烟blendedcigarette：混合型卷烟tarcontent：焦油含量aromatic芳香的limitregulation’：限焦令.Virginiatobacco：弗吉尼亚烟Flue-curedtobacco：烤烟Brighttobacco：浅色烟Burleytobacco：白肋烟Orientaltobacco东方烟Aromatictobacco：香料烟Marylandtobacco：马里兰烟Cigartobacco：雪茄烟diseaseresistance：抗病性plant'sphysiology：植物生理thresh：打叶redrying：复烤aging：老化，(陈化、醇化)fermentation发酵cigarettemanufacture：卷烟生产smokechemistry：烟气化学cigar雪茄cigarillo小雪茄smokelesstobacco：无烟烟草botanical植物的air-curing晾制sun-curing晒制fire-curing熏制fiue-curing烤制theStateTobaccoMonopolyAdministration：STMAofficially：国家烟草专卖局2.长句子翻译Tobacco(NicotianatabacumL.)isakindofspecialplantcontainingnicotine,belongtoSolanaceae,Nicotiana.Tobaccodiffersfromothercropsinthatitisusedmostlyforcombustion.Variablesofbotanical,physicalandchemicalcharacteristicsofleaftobaccodeterminedegreesofcombustibility,smokecomposition,tasteandaromaand,thus,productacceptability.烟草是一种特殊的含有尼古丁的植物，属于茄科烟草属。烟草作为燃烧物质又不同与其他作物，烟草的植物、物理、化学特性决定了其燃烧程度、烟气组成、香气、吸味和可接受程度。Becausethepropertiesoftobaccoand,therefore,itsusabilityvarymarkedlywithvariety,locality,systemofproductionandcuringmethod,standardizationofthecommercialproductisessentialforgrowersandusers(i.e.manufacturers).Itisbasedprimarilyoncuringmethod(air-,sun-,fire-andflue-curing),localityofproduction(growth)andthewayinwhichtheleafistobeused(cigarette,cigar,pipe,etc.).Furtherclassificationisthenaccordingtopositiononthestalkfromwhichtheleaveshaveoriginatedandfactorssuchastheircolor,qualityandripenessatharvest.由于烟草的性质及其可用性均随品种、生产区域、生产方式和调制方法的不同而发生显著的变化，因此，制定烟叶商品标准对烟草种植者和产品制造商来说都是十分必要的。先按烟草的调制方法（晾、晒、熏、烤）、生产区域和使用方式（卷烟、雪茄、斗烟等）进行分类，然后再依据烟叶的生长部位、颜色、质量和成熟度等因素进一步细分。3.简答根据烟草的调制方法，使用方式把烟草分为几类？（至少写五种，每种一分，共五分）Virginiatobacco弗吉尼亚烟Flue-curedtobacco烤烟Burleytobacco白肋烟sun-curedtobacco晒烟Orientaltobacco东方烟、香料烟Marylandtobacco马里兰烟Cigartobacco雪茄烟Cigarette卷烟lightair-curedtobacco浅色晾烟darkair-curedtobacco深色晾烟Chapter2alkaloid生物碱Frost-freedays无霜期bluemold霜霉病photoperiodism光周期现象short-dayplants短日照植物seedlings幼苗bare-roottransplants裸根移植plantpopulations植物种群nitrogen氮肥Topping打顶stalk茎秆suckering抹叉ripeness成熟premature未成熟的Chapter31.单词翻译lightair-cured：浅色晾晒型darkair-cured：深色晾晒型sun-cured：晒(烟)cigarfiller：雪茄芯烟binder(雪茄烟)内衣；(雪茄烟)内包皮Turkish土耳其(烟叶)wrapper(雪茄烟)外衣；(雪茄烟)外包皮interspecificcross：杂交genemutations：基因突变broadterms：广义breeder：育种人员；育种工作者；cultivar品种germplasmsources：种质资源genotypes：基因型outliningtests概述测试trait：特征attribute属性handling处理lamina(烟叶)叶片midvein：(烟叶叶片)中脉filling：填充值harsh(烟气)粗糙、(烟气)生硬bitter苦pungent辛辣aroma香气massselection：混合选择allele：等位基因.pedigree杂交分离世代谱系backcross回交recurrent：轮回选择haploid：单倍体tissueculturetechniques：组织培养技术doubledhaploids：双单倍体inheritedtrait：遗传性状homozygote纯合子interspcificbridgecross种间杂交inbreeding近亲繁殖geneticallyvariable：基因变异recombination基因重组blackrootrot：黑腐病cropfailure：粮食欠收sensoryproperties：感官特性morphological形态特征pyrolysis：裂解heterosis杂种优势长句子翻译Inbroadterms,amodernbreedingprojectwillconsistofthreephases:planning,linedevelopmentandtesting.Intheplanningphase,abreedershouldcarefullydefinethegoalstobeaccomplished.Generally,thiswillbecorrectingadeficiencyinexistingcultivarsorincreasingthedesirabilityofcultivarsforoneormoretraits.Otheraspectsofplanningincludeidentifyingand/orselectingappropriategermplasmsources,choosingthebestbreedingmethod,identifyingordevelopingtechniquesneededtoevaluatethebreedingmaterialsandtoselectthebestgenotypesandoutliningtestsrequiredtofullycharacterizethelinesobtainedfromthebreedingeffort.Thelinedevelopmentandtestingphasesarethepartsoftheprojectwheretheplansarecarriedoutand,hopefully,theobjectivesaccomplished.概括地讲，现代育种项目包括制定计划、品种培育和品系鉴定3个阶段。在计划制定阶段，育种者必须仔细地确定欲完成的育种目标。一般是改进现有栽培品种的缺陷，或提高栽培品种一个或多个性状合乎需要的程度。另外，计划还应包含鉴定或筛选适当种质资源，选择最佳的育种方法，鉴定或开发评价育种材料和选择优良基因型所需要的技术，以及提出完全表征该育种研究筛选品系特性的鉴定要点。品系培育和鉴定阶段是育种项目进行并最后完成所期望的目标的一部分。Therehavebeenmanyadvancesintobaccobreedingandgeneticsoverthepastseveralyears.Breedershavedevelopedcultivarswithhighyield,goodqualityandresistancetoseveraldiseases.Inaddition,inheritanceinformationhasbeenobtainedfornumerouscharacteristics,andavastarrayofgermplasmhasbeencollectedandcharacterized.Thissolidbaseofgeneticinformationandgermplasmenhancestheprospectsforfutureadvancements.Also,newinformationandemergingtechnologiesinchemistryandbiology,especiallyingeneticengineering,havepromisingapplicationsintobaccoimprovement.在过去的几年里，烟草遗传和育种上出现了许多新进展。育种学家培育出了高产、优质和抗多种病害的新品种。另外，还得到了许多性状的遗传信息，搜集和鉴定了大量的种质。遗传信息和种质的坚实基础展现了未来光明的发展前景，在化学和生物方面，尤其基因工程技术方面的新信息、新技术在烟草的改良中具有光明的应用前景。2.简答烟草改良常用的育种方法有哪些？（至少写出五种，每种一分，共计五分）BackcrossBreeding回交育种GeneticengineeringBreeding基因工程育种HaploidsBreeding单倍体育种MassselectionBreeding混合选择育种PedigreeBreeding系谱法育种，系统育种Pure-lineselectionBreeding纯系选择育种RecurrentselectionBreeding轮回选择育种IntroductionBreeding引种育种HybridizationBreeding杂交育种DistanthybridizationBreeding远缘杂交育种Inducedmutationbreeding诱变育种3.看图翻译1.下图是一个完整烟草花的解剖图，请选择合适的英文单词填空雄蕊stamens雌蕊pistil花药anther花丝filaments柱头stigma花柱style花冠corolla子房ovary花萼calyxChapter4fungal：adj.真菌的，由真菌引