浅析夫妻共同债务制度

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内容摘要随着社会经济的飞速发展及人民消费观念的转变,夫妻双方出于各种各样的目的,在社会经济生活中的活动日益频繁,对外负债的现象也越来越普遍。夫妻双方在婚姻关系当中的财产关系正朝着复杂多变的方向发展着,从而使得对夫妻共同债务的认定及处理更是成为了夫妻离婚案件中一个非常棘手的问题。而对于夫妻共同债务的合法认定及妥善处理又是保护夫妻双方当事人及债权人合法权益所必须面对的问题。本文从夫妻共同债务的理论基础出发,以夫妻共同债务制度在夫妻财产关系中的重要性为契机,以保护夫妻双方财产的合法权益为目的,以促进我国的社会稳定与家庭和谐为宗旨。全文共分成六个部分,主要通过对《中华人民共和国婚姻法》(以下简称《婚姻法》)及《最高人民法院关于适用婚姻法的若干解释》(以下简称《婚姻法》解释)中关于夫妻共同债务相关规定的详细剖析,具体论述了现有夫妻共同债务的概念及特征、具体类型及例外情形,夫妻共同债务的认定及处理,并对夫妻共有债务制度完善与健全提出几点构想与建议。关键字:夫妻共同债务/特征/类型/认定/处理/完善构想目录前言·········································································································································1一、夫妻共同债务的概念及特征················································································1(一)夫妻共同债务的概念······························································································1(二)夫妻共同债务的特征······························································································2二、夫妻共同债务的具体类型·····················································································3(一)夫妻一方或双方婚前个人债务的转化·······························································3(二)夫妻共同生活所负的债务·····················································································4(三)夫妻共同经营所负的债务·····················································································4(四)夫妻为履行抚养、赡养义务所负的债务·····························································4三、夫妻共同债务的例外情形·····················································································5(一)一方因赌博所负的债务·························································································5(二)婚姻关系存续期间,夫妻一方以个人名义所负债务,另一方能够证明该债务确为负债人个人债务的·······················································································5四、夫妻共同债务的认定······························································································6(一)夫妻之间是否存在对共同举债的合意·······························································6(二)夫妻是否分享了债务所带来的利益····································································7(三)夫妻之间是否存在约定·························································································7五、夫妻共同债务的处理······························································································7(一)在夫妻离婚时进行的债务划分············································································7(二)法院在离婚判决或在夫妻双方的离婚协议中已经确认或处理的债务··································································································································8六、关于夫妻共同债务制度完善的构想···································································8(一)对夫妻共同债务做出明确的规定········································································9(二)对分居期间的共同财产和共同债务做出明确的规定·····································9(三)完善在离婚案件中夫妻债务的处理规则·························································10结束语·····································································································································12主要参考文献························································································································131《婚姻法》第15条规定:“夫妻双方都有参加生产、生活、学习和社会活动的自由,一方不得对他方加以限制或干涉。”第41条还规定:“离婚时,原为夫妻共同生活所负的债务,应当共同偿还。共同财产不足清偿的,或财产归各自所有的,由双方协议清偿;协议不成时,由人民法院判决。”基于贯彻《宪法》1中男女平等原则,《婚姻法》明确规定夫妻双方都有参加社会活动的自由,且双方都有平等享有夫妻共同财产的权利及负有共同偿还夫妻共同债务的义务。一、夫妻共同债务的概念和特征(一)夫妻共同债务的概念夫妻的定义,简单来说就是依据《婚姻法》第二章中有关结婚的条件,在婚姻登记机关办理结婚登记的男女双方。当然,在我国社会实践生活当中,也大量存在着未办理结婚登记的男女以夫妻的名义共同生活,这种现象就是我们俗称的“事实婚姻”。而不管是依法登记的法律婚姻,还是未依法登记的“事实婚姻”,在男女双方生活过程中都不可避免的会产生共同财产及共同债务,而夫妻共同债务因是夫妻对外所负的债务,故处理的妥善与否不仅直接关系到夫妻双方的利益,而且对债权人的合法权益也有着重大的影响。根据我国现行《婚姻法》第41条规定:“离婚时,原为夫妻共同生活所负的债务,应当共同偿还。共同财产不足清偿的,或财产归各自所有的,由双方协议清偿;协议不成时,由人民法院判决。”由此可见,我国《婚姻法》并未对何为夫妻共同债务作出一个明确的定义,但是在长期的社会实践生活中,对于夫妻共同债务的概念,学者们也有着各自不同的理解。有学者认为,夫妻共同债务应当是指在夫妻婚姻关系存续期间,夫妻双方或者一方为维持共同生活的需要,或出于为共同生活的目的从事经营活动所引起的债务。2还有学者认为,夫妻共同债务是指夫妻双方在婚姻关系存续期间,夫妻一方或双方出于共同生活或家庭生活经营的需要,与债权人所发生的1本文所引用的《宪法》为我国1982年12月4日公布施行的《中华人民共和国宪法》。2马原著:《新婚姻法释义》,人民法院出版社,2002年出版,第309页。2清偿债务的法律关系。3还有的学者则认为,夫妻共同债务是指因婚姻共同生活及在婚姻关系存续期间履行法定扶养义务所负债务。4(二)夫妻共同债务的特征1、时间方面的特征有学者认为,夫妻共同债务从发生的时间上看,必须是产生于双方夫妻关系存续期间,即双方领取婚姻证之日起到离婚之日或者一方死亡时止。5但也有学者认为,在婚姻关系终止之后因原有共同财产的处理,如分割原共同财产所支付的评估费、鉴定费、过户费等费用以及抚养子女或行使子女监护权,未成年子女侵犯他人权益所致的债务6等均应属于夫妻共同债务的范畴。由上述学者的观点我们可以总结出,夫妻共同债务应当是发生于夫妻婚姻关系存续期间但是又不限于夫妻婚姻关系存续期间。具体应当包括男女为了结婚做准备而购买房子以及他们为了婚后共同生活所购买的必备品、在夫妻婚姻关系存续期间为共同生活所发生的债务、在双方婚姻关系结束后因对原有财产的分割处理所产生的费用以及对于未成年子女的对他人所造成侵害所产生的费用等等方面。2、原因方面的特征夫妻共同债务的产生在原因方面一般包括夫妻双方为维持共同生活或夫妻一方或双方为了共同生活的目的从事经营活动所引起的债务。3、债务性质方面的特征我国《婚姻法》第41条明确规定:“离婚时,原为夫妻共同生活所负的债务,应当共同偿还。”《婚姻法》解释(二)第25条规定:“当事人的离婚协议或者人民法院的判决书、裁定书、调解书已经对夫妻财产分割问题做出了处理的,债权人仍有权就夫妻共同债务向男女双方主张权利。一方就共同债务承担连带清偿责任后,基于离婚协议或者人民法院的法律文书向另一方主张追偿的,人民法院应当支持。”夫妻双方行为代表家庭所为的行为,视为夫妻共同的意思表示,夫妻他方亦必须承担法律后果,夫妻双方对该行为承担共同的连带责任。7在连带之3彭卓著:《离婚诉讼的共同债务纠纷》,载自《工会博览》,2005年第14期。4蒋月著:《夫妻的权利和义务》,法律出版社,2001年出版,第206页。5李丽主编:《婚姻法实务与案例评析》,中国工商出版社,2003年出版,第32页。6游植龙著:《夫妻共同债务专题解读》,载自(2012年1月12日登陆)。7杨立新主编:《亲属法专论》,高等教育出版社,2005年版,第235页。3债中,由于债务人所承担的连带债务具有担保作用,因此债务人在事实上所承担的是一种加重责任,这对保护债权人的利益极为有利。8夫妻对共同债务,均应不分份额的平等承担义务,债权人有权要求夫妻任何一方清偿全部债务,夫妻一方不得以债务对半分担等理由进行抗辩,9任何一方都对共同债务负全部给付义务,一方给付后有依确定的份额向另一方追偿的权利。10显而易见,

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