保险学原理chapter3

TheinsurancePolicyChapterOutlineFundamentalsofContractLawTypeofContractGeneralRequirementforaContractThePolicyasPropertyRightToUseandEnjoyPropertyRighttoDisposeofPropertyFundamentalsofContractLawAcontractisalegallyenforceableagreementbetweentwoormoreparties.Thetwopartiestoanindividuallifeanhealthinsurancecontractareinsurancecompaniesthatissuedthepolicyandtheindividualwhopurchasedthepolicy.TypeofContractFormalcontractsandinformalcontractsBilateralcontractsandunilateralcontractsCommutativecontractsandaleatorycontractsBargainingcontractsandcontractsofadhesionFormalandinformalContractsAformalcontractisonethatisenforceablebecausethepartiestothecontractmetcertainformalitiesconcerningtheformoftheagreement.AninformalcontractisacontractthatisenforceablebecausethepartiestothecontractmetrequirementsconcerningthesubstanceoftheagreementratherthanrequirementconcerningtheformoftheagreementFormalandinformalContractsIntheory,lifeandhealthinsurancecontracts,asinformalcontracts,couldbemadeineitherwrittenororalform.Butinsomecountries,insurancecontractsarerequiredtoexpressinwrittenform.FormalandinformalContracts第十三条投保人提出保险要求，经保险人同意承保，并就合同的条款达成协议，保险合同成立。保险人应当及时向投保人签发保险单或者其他保险凭证，并在保险单或者其他保险凭证中载明当事人双方约定的合同内容。经投保人和保险人协商同意，也可以采取前款规定以外的其他书面协议形式订立保险合同。FormalandinformalContractsCanapersonenterintoavalidlifeinsurancecontractontheInternet?BilateralandUnilateralContractsBilateralcontractacontractbetweentwopartieswhobothmakelegallyenforceablepromiseswhentheyenterintothecontract.Unilateralcontractacontractbetweentwopartiesonlyoneofthemmakeslegallyenforceablepromiseswhenenteringintothecontract.BilateralandUnilateralContractsLifeandhealthinsurancepoliciesareunilateralcontracts.Theinsurancepromisetoprovidecoverageinreturnforastatedpremium.Thepurchaseofthepolicydoesnotpromisetopaythepremiumsandcannotbecompelledbylawtopaythepremiums.CommutativeandAleatoryContractsCommutativecontractanagreementunderwhichthepartiesspecifyinadvancethevaluesthatwillbeexchange,moreover,thepartiesgenerallyexchangeitemsorservicesthattheyareofrelativelyequalvalue.Aleatorycontractanagreementunderwhichonepartyprovidessomethingofvaluetoanotherpartyinexchangeforaconditionalpromise.CommutativeandAleatoryContractsAconditionalpromiseisapromisetoperformastatedactifaspecified,uncertaineventoccurs.Lifeandhealthinsurancepoliciesarealeatorycontracts.BargainingContractsandContractofAdhesionBargainingcontractacontractthatiscreatesbybothcontractingpartieswho,asequals,setthetermsandconditionsofthecontract.Contractofadhesionacontractthatonecontractingpartypreparesandthattheothercontractingpartymustacceptorrejectasawhole,withoutanybargainingbetweentheparties.BargainingContractsandContractofAdhesionIndividuallifeandhealthinsurancepoliciesarecontractsofadhesion.Ifanypolicyprovisionisambiguous,thecourtsusuallyinterpretthatprovisioninwhatevermannerwouldbemostfavorabletothepolicyownerorthebeneficiary.TypeofContractAppliestoanInsuranceContractFormalContractInformalContract√BilateralContractUnilateralContract√CommutativeContractAleatoryContract√BargainingcontractContractofAdlhesion√GeneralRequirementforaContractValidcontractacontractthatisenforceableatlaw.Voidcontractacontractthatwasneverenforceableatlaw.Voidablecontractacontractinwhichapartyhastherighttoavoidherobligationsunderthecontractwithoutincurringlegalliability.FourrequirementofavalidinformalcontractThepartiestothecontractmustbemanifesttheirmutualassenttothetermofthecontracts.Thepartiestothecontractmusthavecontractualcapacity.Thepartiestothecontractmustexchangelegallyadequateconsideration.Thecontractmustbeforalawfulpurpose.MutualAssentMutualassentismetwhenthepartiesreachameetingofmindsaboutthetermsoftheiragreement.ContractualCapacityContractualcapacityeachpartymusthavethelegalcapacitytomakeacontract.ContractualcapacityofindividualsContractualcapacityoforganizationsContractualcapacityofindividualsThemajorityofpeoplewhohavelimitedcontractualcapacityare:minorslackmentalcapacityMinorsGenerally,contractsenteredintobyaminorarevoildablebytheminor.Theinsurancecompanyhavetoreturnthepremiumtheminorhadpaidonthepolicy.LackmentalcapacityAperson’slackofmentalcapacitymayaffecthiscontractualcapacityintwosituations.Acourtdeclaresthepersontobeinsaneormentallyincompetent.Theperson’smentalcompetentisimpairedasaresultofbeingdrunk,drugged,orinsane.LackmentalcapacityAcontractenteredintobyapersonwhohasbeendeclaredinsaneorincompetentisusuallyvoid.Contractenteredintobysomeonewhosementalcompetenceisimpairedaregenerallyvoidable.ContractualCapacityofOrganizationAcompanythatisnotlicensedorauthorizedtodobusinessasainsurancecompanydoesnothavethelegalcapacitytomakeainsurancecontract.Thelegaleffectofsuchacontractdependsonthelawsoftheparticularjurisdiction.LegallyAdequateConsiderationConsiderationeachpartymustgiveorpromisesomethingthatwillbeofvaluetotheotherparty.Thepartiestothecontractmustexchangeconsideration.Inaddtion,theconsiderationexchangemustbelegallyadequate.LegallyAdequateConsiderationIftheintialpremiumisnot