搜索
-1-目录前言·········································································································1第1章常见的沥青路面病害·········································································21.1沥青路面的裂缝···············································································21.2沥青路面的车辙和推移······································································41.3沥青路面的松散···············································································51.4沥青路面的水损害和坑槽···································································61.5沥青路面的冻胀和翻浆······································································71.6沥青路面的泛油···············································································8第2章沥青路面出现裂缝的原因分析及其预防措施··········································102.1原因分析························································································102.2荷载型裂缝·····················································································102.3防止措施························································································11第3章养护管理及其它原因·········································································133.1养护不及时·····················································································143.2养护方法不当··················································································143.3其他方面原因··················································································14第4章沥青路面早期病害的防治方法····························································144.1沥青路面设计要合理·········································································144.2严格控制施工质量············································································144.3接缝处措施·····················································································154.4沥青碎石离析的施工控制···································································154.5加强路面养护··················································································16第5章引起沥青路面早期病害的其他原因及防治办法·······································175.1引起沥青路面早期病害的原因·····························································175.2沥青路面早期病害防治措施································································18结论·········································································································20致谢·········································································································21参考文献··································································································22摘要公沥青路面常见的病害问题是道路工程的质量通病之一，文章着重介绍了沥青路面中常见的一些病害，重点阐述了沥青路面产生裂缝的原因，并有针对性地提出了预防裂缝出现的相应措施，可供对沥青路面的设计和施工人员参考。随着我国道路建设的迅速发展，沥青路面的施工得到了普遍推广应用。沥青路面具有表面平整，坚实、无接缝、施工工期短和养护简便等优点，使行车噪声低、平稳和舒适。但随着交通量的增长和重载超载车辆的增多，加上由于受到温度和湿度的变化以及冰冻作用、设计、施工、采用材料和养护管理等因素的影响，出现了多种沥青路面病害，如结构性破坏裂缝、沥青路面的裂缝、松散及水损害等等。根据长期对我区沥青路面的实际情况调查，谈谈沥青路面中常见的病害与裂缝出现的原因及其预防措施。[关键词]公沥青路面；病害；裂缝；-1-前言随着国家对高速公路建设投资力度的加大.我国的公路工程建设十分迅速对国民经济和社会发展起着至关重要的作用。但是.随着一条条度沥青面层即发生断裂。面层裂缝一旦发生冲刷、唧浆就会产生以裂缝为中心的下陷形变同时引起裂缝两侧产生新裂缝甚至碎裂破坏。和横向裂缝一样纵向裂缝也是高速公路的建成并投人运营发生早期不可避免的。纵向裂缝的产生主要是由损害较为严重沥青路面早期病害现象也越来越引起业内人士的普遍关注。目前沥青混凝土路面常见的早期病害极具普遍性和严重性也是公路工程质量的通病对新建公路的正常使用够成了严重的威胁.对公路养护提出了更为严峻的挑战。本文就以常见早期病害的破坏成因进行分析并结合实际情况提出相应的预防措施。-2-第1章常见的沥青路面病害1.常见沥青路面病害沥青路面的损坏所表现出的形式和特征是多种多样的。经总结分析，主要有以下几种常见病害。1.1沥青路面的裂缝沥青路面建成后，都会产生各种形式的裂缝。初期产生的裂缝对沥青路面的使用性能基本上没有影响，但随着表面雨水的侵入，导致路面强度下降，在大量行车荷载作用下，使沥青路面产生结构性破坏。沥青路面裂缝的形式是多种多样的，裂缝从表现形式可分为横向裂缝、纵向裂缝和网状裂缝三种。影响裂缝的主要因素有：沥青的品种和等级、沥青混合料的组成、面层的厚度、基层材料的收缩性、土基和气候条件等。1.1.1纵向裂缝纵向裂缝一般有两种：一种主要发生在紧急停车带或路肩部位,其形状是沿路肩边缘向内逐步扩大,呈月牙形，这种裂缝容易使路基发生滑移，危险性很大；另一种是发生在行车道部位,多为纵向条带状，裂缝两端未延伸到路堤边缘。1、纵向裂缝形成的主要原因有以下三个方面（1）地基原因。有些路段处于丘陵低洼、河谷处,地基土天然含水量较高,在设计及施工时未做处理,在高填土后,由于地基承载能力的差别出现不均匀沉降,造成路面纵向开裂。（2）路基施工原因。如果土基施工时天气干燥,局部路堤填料土块粉碎不足,路基压实不均匀,暗埋式构造处因构造物长度限制,路基边缘不能超宽碾压,致使路基边缘压实度不够，或者混合料摊铺时纵向施工搭接质量不好,都会造成纵向裂缝。（3）水的渗透破坏。中央分隔带、路表、边坡等渗水,使局部路基受水浸泡后承载力值降低,在动静荷载的作用下,路基滑动产生裂缝，另外填料若为弱膨胀土,如施工中未做处理,渗水后含水量变化,也会导致裂缝产生。预防纵向裂缝产生的主要措施是处理好地基,若路基分层填筑和压实得好,使路基尽可能均匀,特别在预先采取措施防止地表面水渗入地基的情况下,可以大幅度减少纵向裂缝的数量,同时显着延缓纵向裂缝出现的时间。2、对于纵向裂缝的处治方法主要有以下几种（1）对于缝宽小于3mm的裂缝可不作处理，大于3mm小于5mm的纵向裂缝,可将缝隙-3-刷扫干净,并用压缩空气吹净尘土后,采用热沥青或乳化沥青灌缝撒料法封堵。（2）如纵缝进一步发展,出现啃边、错台且裂缝宽大于5mm,则需铣刨上面层和中面层（铣刨宽度为裂缝两侧各1m）,并对裂缝按方法（1）先行填实,沿纵缝铺设玻璃格栅,摊铺中面层,然后在中面层上沿纵向每隔5m设宽为1.2m的玻璃格栅,最后再摊铺上面层。（3）对于尚未稳定的纵向裂缝,除按方法（1）处治外,还应根据裂缝成因,采取排水、边坡加固等措施,以使裂缝稳定不继续发展。1.1.2横向裂缝横向裂缝是与路面中线近于垂直的裂缝,裂缝起初大多出现于路面两侧的硬路肩,逐渐发展而贯通全路幅。贯通裂缝沿路面大致呈均匀分布。1、横向裂缝通常不是由于荷载作用引起的。其成因主要有三个：（1）材料收缩引起横向裂缝。一方面在基层成型过程中,因基层材料失水收缩而形成规则的横向裂缝，另一方面基层材料因温度骤降而发生低温收缩开裂。这两种收缩变形使面层底面承受拉力,当拉力超过沥青面层的抗拉强度时就使沥青面层底部拉裂,并随着温湿的循环变化及行车荷载的反复作用而导致沥青面层低面裂缝。（2）沥青及混凝土的温缩引起的裂缝。因沥青是一种对温度变化比较敏感的粘弹性材料,温度下降时,沥青混合料逐渐变硬变脆,并发生收缩变形.当收缩拉应力超过沥青混凝土的抗拉强度时,沥青路面表面就会被拉裂,并逐步向下发展,形成上宽下窄的横向裂缝，这种温缩裂缝在北方温差较大地区初冬一般宽度为3～5mm,到严冬可加宽到10mm,最宽达到20mm,而到春季则又缩回。（3）差异沉降引起的横向裂缝。在软土地基与非软土地基交界处、软土地基处理方法变化处或构造物台背与路段交接处,因地基或路基与构造物差异沉降导致基层开裂,并反射到沥青面层,形成横向裂缝。因为温度变化引起的沥青面层本身收缩是造成横向裂缝的重要原因，所以自由沥青含量越多裂缝越多，选用符合重交通道路石油沥青技术要求的沥青,控制沥青用量,精选矿料,准确组成级配,或使用纤维等添加剂,均可有效减少裂缝。另外还应设计合理的路面结构并且精心施工。2、对于横向裂缝的处治方法（1）对于基层开裂引起的反射裂缝及沥青混凝土温缩等引起的横向裂缝,如缝宽较小可不予处理,如宽度在3mm以上,可将缝隙刷扫干净,并用压缩空气吹净尘土后,采用热沥青-4-或乳化沥青灌缝撒料法封堵。如缝宽在5mm以上,可将缝口杂物清除,或沿裂缝开槽后用压缩空气