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Unit4ClimateVariabilityTextAPartIUnderstandingandLearningBackgroundinformation1.PhilosophicalTransactions:theworld'sfirstsciencejournal.In1662,thenewlyformed“RoyalSocietyofLondonforImprovingNaturalKnowledge”wasgrantedachartertopublishbyKingCharlesIIandon6March1665,thefirstissueofPhilosophicalTransactionswaspublishedunderthevisionaryeditorshipofHenryOldenburg,whowasalsotheSecretaryoftheSociety.Thefirstvolumesoftheworld'sfirstscientificjournalwereverydifferentfromtoday'sjournal,butinessenceitservedthesamefunction，namelytoinformtheFellowsoftheSocietyandotherinterestedreadersofthelatestscientificdiscoveries.Assuch,PhilosophicalTransactionsestablishedtheimportantprinciplesofscientificpriorityandpeerreview,whichhavebecomethecentralfoundationsofscientificjournalseversince.In1886,thebreadthandscopeofscientificdiscoveryhadincreasedtosuchanextentthatitbecamenecessarytodividethejournalintotwo,PhilosophicalTransactionsAandB,coveringthephysicalsciencesandthelifesciencesrespectively.2.TheAlfredWegenerInstituteforPolarandMarineResearchcarriesoutresearchintheArcticandAntarcticaswellasinthehighandmidlatitudeoceans.3.Tambora’sexplosion:In1815，TamborainIndonesiaexplodedwiththeforceofroughly1,000megatonsofTNT,thelargestvolcaniceruptioninrecordedhistory.DetailedStudyoftheTextI.Realityhasawayoftrumpingart,andhuman-inducedclimatechangeisveryrealindeed.(Para.2)Meaning:Thesituationofclimatechangecausedbyhumanbeingsinrealityismorecriticalthanwhatisdescribedinsciencefictions.trump:1.v.beat胜过;压过TheSocialiststriedtotrumpthiswiththeirslogan.社会党党员设法用他们的口号把它压过去。TheHongKongandShanghaiBankhastrumpedLloydsbyraisingitsoffer.汇丰银行通过提高报价击败了劳埃德保险公司。2.n.thesuithavingthehighestvalueinoneparticulargame(牌戏中的)王牌，主牌Heartsaretrumps.红桃是主。3.trumpcardsomethingpowerfulgivinganadvantageover王牌;绝招;杀手锏Intheend,theytooktheirappealtotheSupremeCourt;this,theyhadbelievedfromtheoutset,wouldbetheirtrumpcard.最后，他们上诉到最高法院：他们从一开始就认为这一招是他们的杀手锏。Shecouldthreatentoplayhertrumpcard,anautobiographyofembarrassingdisclosures.她可能会威胁要拿出她的杀手锏：出自传来爆料糗事。4.comeuptrumpsdosomethingsuccessfullywithoutexpectation意外地胜利;意外地成功Dwaynehascomeuptrumpswithagoalworthyofwinninganymatch.德韦恩意外地蒙进了一个可以拿下任何比赛的球。induce1.v.cause引起;导致Doctorssaidsurgerycouldinduceaheartattack.医生们说手术有可能引起心脏病发作。aneconomiccrisisinducedbyhighoilprices由高油价引发的经济危机2.v.persuadeorinfluence引诱;劝说Iwoulddoanythingtoinducethemtostay.我会想尽一切办法劝他们留下来。Morethan4,000teacherswereinducedtotakeearlyretirement.4000多名教师被说服提前退休。3.inducelabourorbirthcauseapregnantwomantostartgivingbirthbyusingdrugsorothermedicalmeans用人工方法引(产)Hemightdecidethatitisbesttoinducelabour.他也许决定最好引产。J.Geo-engineering,asithascometobeknown,maybeawayofbuyingtimeforthetransitiontoalow-carboneconomytotakeplaceinanorderlymanner.(Para.3)transition1.n.theprocessinwhichsomethingchangesfromonestatetoanother转型Thetransitionfromadictatorshiptoamulti-partydemocracyisprovingtobedifficult.从专政国家到多党民主国家的转型证明是很艰难的。2.v.movegraduallyfromonetotheother`(逐渐地)转向Mostofthediscussionwasonwhatisneededtobedonenowaswetransitionedfromthesecurityissuestothechallengingeconomicissues.大多数讨论都集中在目前需要做什么，因为我们已从安全问题逐渐转到具有挑战性的经济问题上。K.Themostplausiblewaytoremovecarbondioxideistoincreasetheamountofphotosynthesisgoingon.(Para.6)plausible1.a.seemlikelytobetrueorvalid(解释或叙述)看似合理的Amoreplausibleexplanationwouldseemtobethatpeoplearefedupwiththeadministration.一个更合理的解释似乎是人们对行政机关感到厌倦。2.a.seemtobetellingthetruthandtobesincereandhonest.(人)看似可信的AllIcansayisthathewassoplausible;itwasn'tjustmethatheconned.我只能说，他看上去好像那么可信，他骗的可不只我一个。L.Ontheotherhand,shallow-waterbloomscausedbynitrateandphosphatepollutionoftenswampthelocalenvironment.(Para.11)swamp1.n.anareaofverywetlandwithwildplantsgrowinginit沼泽地Ispentonewholenightbyaswampbehindtheroadlisteningtofrogs.我整个晚上都在这条路后面的一个沼泽地旁听蛙鸣。2.v.fillwithwater淹没Theirelectronicnavigationfailedandaroguewaveswampedtheboat.他们的电子导航装置失灵了，一个巨浪吞没了那只船。3.v.havesomethingmorethanonecandealwith使应接不暇[usu.passive]Heisswampedwithwork.他工作正忙得不可开交。M.One,whichhasbeenwidelytoutedinthepast,is,perversely,toincreasepollutionintheatmosphere.(Para.13)tout1.v.trytosellsomethingorconvincepeoplethatitisgood兜售;吹嘘slicktelevisionadstoutingthecandidates吹嘘那些候选人的华而不实的电视广告2.v.sell(tickets)outsideasportsstadiumortheater,usuallyformorethantheiroriginalvalue(在体育场或剧院外)高价倒卖(票)[BRIT](美国英语为scalp)3.n.someonewhosellsthingssuchasticketsunofficially,usuallyatpriceswhicharehigherthantheofficialones票贩子perverselyad.乖戾地;有悖常理地Shewasperverselypleasedtobecausingtrouble.她反常地乐在制造麻烦中。perversea.unreasonable乖戾的;有悖常理的Itwouldbeperversetostopthishealthytrend.阻止这一健康的趋势是有悖常理的。Heseemedtotakeaperversepleasureinbeingdisagreeable.他似乎在招人厌恶中得到一种反常的乐趣。N.Geo-engineering’sgrowthspurtwillneedtobematchedbysomegrown-upquestioning.(Para.16)Meaning:Asuddendevelopmentofgeo-engineeringwillneedtobeconnectedwithsomegrown-upquestioning.spurt1.v.comeoutquicklyinathin,powerfulstream(使)喷射;(使)喷发Theyspurtedbloodalloverme.Inearlypassedout.他们的血喷了我一身。我几乎昏了过去。Hehitheronthehead,causinghertospurtblood.他击中了她的头部，她也开始流血。afountainthatspurtswaterninestorieshigh水可以喷到9层楼那么高的喷泉Isawflamesspurtfromthe