润滑油添加剂的应用

润滑油添加剂的应用TheApplicationofLubricatingOilAdditive摘要：现代设备对润滑材料的耐高温、高压、高速、防腐蚀等要求越来越高，近年来润滑油技术的不断发展，特别是润滑油添加剂的应用，从而大大改善了设备的润滑状态，确保设备高效、安全运行。Abstract:Equipmentsofnowadayshaveproposedhigherandhigherrequirementsforlubricatingmaterialthatcanresisthightemperature,extremepressureandcorrosion.Asthedevelopmentoflubricatingoilinrecentyears,especiallytheapplicationoflubricatingadditive,thelubricatingconditionsofequipmentshavebeenimprovedalot,ensuringtheequipmentsoperateefficientlyandsafely.关键词：润滑技术发展添加剂应用改善设备润滑状态KeyWords:LubricatingTechnologyDevelopmentApplicationofLubricatingAdditivePromotetheconditionofequipments我国每年润滑油每年消耗润滑油480万吨，而这480万吨的润滑油牵连着数以亿计的设备，这对设备状态优劣至关重要，所以润滑是设备运行的灵魂和生命线！设备润滑管理是工业生产的一件大事，已引起普遍关注，当然也要看到目前国内润滑油回收率还不到10%，流失，浪费严重，令人十分可惜！由于设备管理与维修人员对润滑技术不了解，造成择油不合理，润滑管理不善造成设备严重损害。据统计，由于润滑不良及润滑失效造成的设备事故和故障已高达65%以上！设备润滑是一项投入很少，但产出效益很高的工作，一定要给予充分重视，并认真做好。Annualconsumptionoflubricatingoilinourcountryis4,800,000Tonwhichmeanstoinvolvebillionsofmachines.Lubricatingoilisessentialtoequipments’condition,beingthesoulandlifebloodtoequipments’operation.Equipmentslubricationisveryimportanttoindustryproduction,whichshouldbepaidoverallattention.However,wehavetokeepthefactinmindthatrecycleoflubricatingoilislessthan10%athomeatpresent,soitisregardedthattoomuchlubricantshasbeenwasted.Formanagementandmaintenancestaffknowlittlethingsaboutlubricatingtechnology,theymaychooseimproperlubricatingoilandtheirpoorlubricatingmanagementwillbringseriousdamagetotheequipments.Accordingtothestatistics,equipments’accidentsanddamagescausedbylubricationinefficiencyandlubricationfailurehaveachievedtomorethan65%.Equipmentslubricationinvestslesswithhigherprofit,soitmustbegivenhighattentionandcaution.一、润滑材料的选用在机械的摩擦副之间加入某种介质，使其减少摩擦和磨损，这种介质成为润滑材料，有润滑油、润滑脂等，也称为润滑剂。由于摩擦副的类型和性质不同，相应地对润滑材料的要求和选用也有所不同。按摩擦副对润滑材料性能的要求，合理选用润滑材料，才能减小摩擦、降低磨损、延长设备的使用寿命，从而达到节约能源、保证设备正常运转、提高企业经济效益的目的。尤其是现代的高精度、高速度、高效率的生产设备，对润滑材料的耐高温、高压、高速、腐蚀等要求越来越高。I．SelectionofLubricatingMaterialCertainmaterial,whichisaddedbetweenrubbingpairofequipmentstoreducefriction,arecalledlubricatingmaterial,suchaslubricatingoilandlubricatinggrease,anditisalsonamedlubricants.Becausetherearedifferenttypesandcharacterofrubbingmaterial,accordinglytherearedifferentrequirementsandselectionsoflubricatingmaterials.Therefore,onlyproperselectionoflubricatingmaterialwillreducefrictionandwear,andincreaseequipments’servicelifewithbenefitsofenergy-saving,normaloperationandeconomicprofits.Especiallyforthosemodernequipmentswithcharacteristicsofhighprecision,speedandefficiencythatproposehigherandhigherrequirementforlubricatingmaterialwithcharacteristicsofantihightemperature,extremepressure,highspeed,corrosion.1.润滑油的性能指标1.PerformanceIndexofLubricatingOil(1)黏度：在一定温度下测定润滑油流动时内部阻力大小的数值，是润滑油的一项主要指标。我国常用的黏度单位为斯托克斯（cSt），有时也用恩氏黏度（。Et）。（1）Viscosity：Thevalueofinternalresistancewhenlubricatingoilflowsundercertaintemperatureisanimportantindexoflubricatingoil.ThecommonlyusedunitofviscosityinournationisStokes(cSt),butsometimesEnglerViscosityisalsousedtoreferit.(2)水分：以油中含水量占油重量的百分比表示。水分能破坏油膜，形成泡沫或乳化，引起金属锈蚀、降低油品绝缘性等。(2)Water:Itisexpressedbythepercentageofwatercontainedintheoil.Waterwilldestroyoilfilm,andformfoamoremulsify,whichwillmakemetalcorrosive,decreaseoil’sinsulatingquality.(3)机械杂质：油中温沉淀和悬浮的不溶解物质，如灰尘、砂粒、金属粉屑等，以含量百分比表示。杂质容易堵塞油路，加剧摩擦副的磨损，在电器设备中会降低油的绝缘性能等。(3)MechanicalImpurity:Itisshowedbythecontainedpercentageofinsolublesubsistencethatdepositorfloatintheoil,suchasash,sand,metalparticlesandsoon.Oillineiseasytobeblockedbytheimpurity,aggravatingthefrictionbetweenrubbingpairanddecreasetheoil’sinsulatingqualityintheelectricalequipments.(4)闪点与燃点：把润滑油加热蒸发出的油蒸气与空气形成一定浓度的混合气体，在接触火焰时产生短暂闪火，此时的油温即为闪点。闪火时间长达5秒钟以上时的油温为燃点。闪点是油品的安全性指标。油品的最高工作温度一般应低于闪点以下30℃。(4)FlashPointandCondensationPoint:Whenheatthelubricatingoil,itwillformacertainconcentratedgasmixtureofoilvaporandair.Whenthegasmixturemeetblaze,oiltemperaturethatinitiateatemporaryflameiscalledflashpoint.Iftheflamingtimesurvivesmorethan5seconds,itistheflamingpointofoiltemperature.Flashpointisasafetyindexofoil,foroil’smaximumworkingtemperatureshouldbelow30℃offlashpoint.(5)凝固点：将油品冷却至不流动时的最高温度，亦即在45°倾角下油面保持一分钟不流动时的油温。对低温下工作的机械和车辆，应选用低凝固点的润滑油。(5)FreezingPoint:Themaximumtemperatureofoilwhenitistoocoldtoflowkeepstheoilstillforoneminuteintheangleof45°.Lubricatingoiloflowfreezingpointshouldbechosenforthosemachinesandautomobilesworkinginthecoldenvironment.(6)酸值：指中和1g润滑油所需氢氧化钾的毫克数，亦即指该油样中含量的多少。油中的有机酸极易腐蚀金属表面，当所用油料的酸值大到一定值时即应更换。(6)AcidNumber:Itreferstoneededamountofpotassiumhydroxidewhichisusedtoneutralize1glubricatingoil.Italsomeanstheorganicacidcontentintheoil,whichiseasytocorrosivethemetalsurface,sothat’swhytheoilshouldbechangedwhenoilorganicacidachieveacertainnumber.(7)腐蚀性：将一定大小的铜片、钢片或铝片浸入到规定温度（一般为100℃）的油中保持3小时，如金属表面产生污点或变色，即表示油有腐蚀性，不允许在机械设备中使用。(7)Corrosion:Putacertainlargepieceofcopper,steeloraluminumintheoilfor3hoursunderprescribedtemperature(usually100℃).Afterthatiftherearestainsorchangeofcolor,itmeanstheoilhascorrosivequality,soitcannotbeusedinmachinery.(8)灰分：指油样完全燃烧后的残留物占油样重量的百分率。灰分大说明油品在使用中易形成各炭和结焦，会加速机