美国文学简史复习资料

美国文学简史复习资料美国文学简史复习资料美国文学简史复习资料2016年12月23日目录殖民时期及十八世纪美国文学美国浪漫主义早期新英格兰超验主义美国浪漫主义后期美国现实主义文学美国乡土文学美国现代诗歌美国现代小说美国南方文学美国现代戏剧美国黑人文学美国文学简史复习资料美国华裔文学美国文学简史复习资料-1-殖民时期及十八世纪美国文学NewEngland：Maine,NewHampshire,Vermont,Massachusetts,RhodeIsland,andConnecticut,namedbyCaptainJohnSmithPuritanismDoctrinesofPuritanism：predestination（命运神定),originalsin,totaldepravity(彻底的堕落),andlimitedatonement(有限的赎罪)fromGod’sgracePuritansleftEuropeforAmericainordertoprovethattheywereGod’schosenpeoplewhowouldenjoyGod’sblessingsonearthandinHeaven.TheyfeltthattheywereexilesunderthespecialgraceofGodtoestablishatheocracyintheNewWorld.Styleofwriting：thestyleisfresh,simpleanddirect;therhetoricisplainandhonest；atouchofnobilityoftentraceabletothedirectinfluenceoftheBiblePuritans’wayofLife：hardwork,thrift,piety,andsobriety.InHawthorne’sTheScarletLetterthereisagooddescriptionofthePuritans’life.MainwritersWilliamBradfordOfPlymouthPlantation普利茅斯垦殖记ThomasPaineCommonSense常识；AmericanCrisis美国危机；TheRightsofMan人权；TheAgeofReason理性时代PhilipFreneauTheRisingGloryofAmerica蒸蒸日上的美洲；TheWildHoneysuckle野金银花BenjaminFranklinAutobiography富兰克林自传ThomasJeffersonDrafttheDeclarationofIndependence.美国文学简史复习资料-2-美国浪漫主义早期RomanticismBackgroundofRomanticism：Economicboomandnationaloptimism；Favorableliterarymilieu:increasingnumberofmagazines；Foreigninfluences:theRomanticMovementinEurope.CharacteristicsofRomanticism：Arebellionagainsttheobjectivityofrationalism.Feelings,intuitionsandemotionsweremoreimportantforromanticsthanreasonandcommonsense.Anemphasisonindividualism;placingtheindividualagainstthegroup,againstauthority.Stressonthecloserelationshipbetweenmanandnature.Fascinationwiththewild,theirregular,theindefinite,theremote,themysterious,andthestrangeCherishingastronginterestinthepast,especiallythemedieval.FeaturesofAmericanRomanticism：NewexperienceintheAmericanRomanticism.Theexoticlandscape,thefrontierlife,thewestwardexpansion,themythofaNewGardenofEdeninAmerica,andthePuritanheritage,etc.,thesewereallmaterialsforanindigenousliterature.AdeepinfluencefromtheAmericanPuritanism.DifferentfromtheirEuropeancounterparts,Americanromanticstendedtomoralize,toedifyratherthantoentertain.The“newness”oftheAmericansasanation.TheAmericansaredifferentfromtheEuropeans.Theiridealsofindividualismandpoliticalequality,andtheirdreamthatAmericawastobeanewGardenofedenformanweredistinctlyAmerican.TheNewEnglandPoets:HenryW.Longfellow-APsalmofLife人生礼赞MainwritersWashingtonIrvingTheSketchBook(1819-1820)见闻札记;TheLegendofSleepyHollow睡谷的传说JamesFenimoreCooperLeather-stockingTales皮裹腿故事集;ThePioneers拓荒者;TheLastoftheMohicans最后一个美国文学简史复习资料-3-莫希干人;ThePrairie大草原;ThePathfinder探路人;TheDeerslayer猎鹿人新英格兰超验主义TranscendentalismTranscendentalismasawayofknowing,believesthatindividualscanintuitivelyreceivehighertruthsotherwiseunavailablethroughcommonmethodsofknowing,thustranscendingthelimitsofrationalism.Someofitsmajorconceptsare:Itplacedemphasisonspirit,ortheOver-soul（超灵）,asthemostimportantthingintheuniverse.Itemphasizedtheimportanceoftheindividualandbelievedthattheindividualwasthemostimportantelementinsocietyandthattheidealkindofindividualwasself-reliantandunselfish.ItofferedafreshviewofnatureassymbolicoftheSpiritorGod.SignificanceAgroupofnewwritersapplytranscendentalideasintheirworksWeaknessTranscendentalismtendedtobecomemysticism.sometimesresultedinrampantindividualismmakemoralindignationanirrelevantemotion.MainwritersRalphWaldoEmerson(超验主义领袖）Nature（标志性之作）;TheAmericanScholar论美国学者HenryDavidThoreauWalden:informal,spontaneousandsoeasy.Hissentencesareconcentratedandvigorous.美国浪漫主义后期HighRomanticsinfictionNathanielHawthorneTheScarletletter红字；TheHouseofSeverGables有七个尖角阁的房子HermanMelvilleMoby-Dick白鲸；Pierre皮埃尔HighRomanticsinpoetryEdgarAllenPoe-thefatherofmodernhorrorstoryanddetectivestoryTalesoftheGrotesqueandArabesque怪诞故事集；TheRaven乌鸦美国文学简史复习资料-4-Literarytheories(onpoetry)PoeticalprinciplesLength:thereisadistinctlimittoallworksofliteraryart—thelimitofasinglesitting.Province:Beautyisthesolelegitimateprovinceofthepoem.Tone:SadnessisthetoneofBeauty’shighestmanifestation.Melancholyisthemostlegitimateofallthepoeticaltones.Deathofabeautifulwomanisthemostpoeticaltopicintheworld.Theimmediateobjectofpoetryispleasure,nottruth.Poedefinestruepoetryas“therhythmicalcreationofbeauty”,anddeclaresthatmusicistheperfectionofthesoul,oridea,ofpoetry.WaltWhitmanLeavesofGrass草叶集EmilyDickinsonFeaturesofDickinson’spoemsDickinson’sstyleischaracteristicoffrequentuseofdashes,sporadiccapitalizationofnouns,convolutedandungrammaticalphrasing,off-rhymes,brokenmeters,boldandunconventionalandoftenstartlingmetaphors,andaphoristicwit.Herpoetrypreparesformodernpoetryinthe20thcentury.lyric.Herpoemsareremarkablefortheirvariety,subtlety,andrichness.brevityandintensity.unorthodoxsyntaxandpunctuation.innovationinrhyme.Onethewhole,herpoetryisirregularinrhymeandrhythm.美国现实主义文学RealismHistoricalbackgroundImpactoftheCivilWarChangesinnationaleconomiclifeConcentrationofwealthandpowerPolarizationoftherichandthepoor(ThiswasthebeginningofwhatMarkTwaincalled“TheGildedAge”—anageofextremes:ofdecline