文化与翻译.

Translation&CultureWhatisculture?Cultureiswhateverpeopledomonkeysdon’t.TheNewWorldEncyclopedia:Cultureisthetotalityofthespiritual,intellectual,andartisticattitudessharedbyagroup,includingitstradition,habits,socialcustoms,morals,laws,andsocialrelations.Sociologically,everysociety,oneverylevel,hasitsculture.Languageisnotisolated.Everylanguagebelongstoacertainculture.Itisdifficulttoseparatelanguageandculturalidentity.Howdifferentpeoplesexpresswhattheyseeisdeterminedbyhowtheyperceiveandinterpretandreacttoreality.Languageisnotisolated.Themainpremiseoftranslationistograspthesenseofaculturalmessage,takingintoconsiderationitsuniquenessanditsrelationtotheenvironment.thesourcelanguagethetargetlanguagethemeaningofthesourcetextthereaderofthetargettextBiculturalTranslatorTrytotranslatethefollowingidioms:Loveme,lovemydog.Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.Longestdaymusthaveanend.GildthelilyApeacockinaturkey’spenLoveme,lovemydog.爱屋及乌。Ifyoulovesomeone,youmustaccepteverythingaboutthem,eventheirfaultsorweakness.Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.一丘之貉。birdsofafeather:peopleofsimilarinterestsorpersonalities兴趣爱好相同的人／同类人物以类聚，人以群分。inacontextdenotingbadpersons一路货，臭味相投者Longestdaymusthaveanend.世间无不散之筵席。筵席:ahappyendinglongestday:weariness;hardwork苦海总有边。Thetwosayingsareofjusttheoppositemeaning.Gildthelily锦上添花。peopleintheWest:natureitselfisbeauty.gild:todosth.artificial→notbeautiful“addunnecessarydecorationorexaggeration”多此一举，弄巧成拙Shakespeare:KingJohn“Togildrefinedgold,topaintthelily…iswastefulandridiculousexcess.”Apeacockonaturkey’spen鹤立鸡群someonestandingheadandshouldersaboveothers→outstandingstatussomeonewhofeelswrongedorthinksheshouldbetreatedinabetterway屈才，被埋没Toavoidunnecessaryculturalshift,greatcareshouldbetakenwhenonetriestousesimilarexistingsayingsinthetargetlanguage.InChina,whenpeoplemeet…甲：“吃了吗？”乙：“吃啦！”吃了吗？吃啦！Howtotranslate?A:“Haveyouhadyourmeal?”B:“Yes,Ihave.”“No,Ihaven’t.”(“Doyoumeantoinvitemetodinner?”)Inwesterncountries…A:“Lovelyweather,isn’tit?”B:“Yes,isn’tit?”Termsrelatingto“吃”：饭桶吃不开吃不了兜着走吃不消good-for-nothingbeunpopularlandoneselfinserioustroublebeunabletostandTermsrelatingto“吃”：吃老本吃软不吃硬吃闲饭吃香liveoffone’spastgainsbeopentopersuasion,butnottocoercionleadanidlelifebeverypopularWuSongkilledatigerinhisdrunkencourage…武行者心中要吃，哪里听他分说，一片声喝道，‘放屁！放屁！’PearlS.BuckNowWuthepriestlongedmuchinhishearttoeat,andsohowcouldhebewillingtolistentotheexplanation?Hebellowedforth,“Passyourwind,passyourwind!”WhatdoyouthinkofWuSong’simperativeremark?汉语“放屁”作骂人话时，喻指“说话没有根据或不合情理”，而英语passone’swind只是一种自然生理现象。英语读者错以为中国人的气功了得，对这一生理现象居然可以发号施令！可以用英语中语用意义相当的shit！或者Whatcrap！在译序中，赛氏解释了她将书名《水浒传》译为AllMenAreBrothers的原因：当然，英文的书译名并非原著本来的名字，因为原名根本无法翻译：“水”等于英文的“水”（water），“浒”意为“水边”（marginsorborders），“传”则相当于英文的“小说”（novel）；至少在我个人看来，将这几个字排列在一起几乎毫无意义，也不能准确反映原书的意旨。于是，我自作主张，选取了孔子的一句名言作为书名（即“四海之内，皆兄弟也”），该名无论在内涵还是外延上均体现了这些绿林好汉的侠义精神。ThereisasayinginChinese:恨铁不成钢toregretthatitisironbutnotsteeltowishthatironcouldbeturnedintosteelfailtobringouttheconnotativemeaningthatthespeakerisdisappointedthatsomeone–usuallyalovedone–doesnotdoasgoodashasbeenexpectedIfitwastranslatedliterally→HowSteelIsSmelted?Peoplewouldthinkitismostprobablyatechnicalbook.TheMakingofaHero语言学习不仅要掌握其语音、语法和词汇，还要了解其不同的文化背景和使用场景。theQueen’sspeech女王的演讲辞？英国首相的施政方针（通过女王说出）theQueen’sEnglish女王的具体言辞？正宗英语，标准英语grammarschool语法学校？为培养升大学的学生而设的中学TranslationandCultureCulturalConnotationImplicationofAnimalTermsImplicationofColorTermsAllusionandMetaphorCulturallyUniqueTermsTrademarksandAdvertisementsCulturalConnotationImplicationofAnimalTermsImplicationofColorTermsImplicationofAnimalTermsTalkingaboutculturalconnotations,onewillfirstthinkofimagesrepresentedbyanimals…ImplicationofAnimalTerms英汉动物喻体相同、喻义相似英汉动物喻体相异、喻义相似英汉动物喻体相同、喻义相异英语动物词汇的象征意义英汉动物喻体相同、喻义相似SometimesChineseandEnglishshareconnotativemeanings:“狐狸”and“fox”CUNNING“猴子”and“monkey”MISCHIEF“狼”and“wolf”SAVAGENESSWOLFTheGospelofMatthew7:15,NewTestament“Awolfinsheep’sclothing”披着羊皮的狼表面温顺友善，实则凶残的伪君子WOLF：凶猛、狡诈、贪婪Thelifeofthewolfisthedeathofthelamb.狼的生就是羔羊的死。Wakenotasleepingwolf.莫惹是生非Seeawolf吓得张口结舌，说不出话来Toleadawolfintothehouse引狼入室WOLF：心肠狠毒、忘恩负义WOLF:贪得无厌greedyasawolfWOLF用以指人：Amanwhoisalwaysreadytomakesexualadvancetoawoman→awolf-whistle“Hehasafacelikeanangel,buthe’sreallyaterriblewolf.”色狼FOX：诡诈、狡猾Heisasslyasafox.You’vegottowatchhim.他狡猾如狐狸，你可要小心点。Youcanneverfoxme.你绝对骗不了我。SERPENT：阴险、毒辣、狡诈Bible:SatansearchesforEveandisdelightedtofindheralone.Intheformofaserpent,hetalkstoEveandcomplimentsheronherbeautyandgodliness…SERPENT/SNAKEasnakeinthegrass潜伏的危险，暗藏的敌人asnakeinone’sbosom(胸怀，内心）恩将仇报的人，背信弃义的人serpenteye如蛇般阴险的眼光PIG：肮脏、贪婪、懒惰……He’dbeenapigaboutmoney.他对钱贪得无厌。Makeapigofoneself大吃大喝，狼吞虎咽Pigsinclover行为卑鄙或粗鲁的有钱人Buyapiginapoke未经过目而买下的上当货OtherExamples:Hedoesn’thaveanideaofhisown.Hejustparrotswhatotherssay.他没有自己的观点，只是鹦鹉学舌罢了。Asslowasasnail/atasnail’space像蜗牛一样缓慢Alionathome,amouseabroad.在家如狮，在外如鼠。Aratcrossingthestreetischasedbyall.老鼠过街，人人喊打。英汉动物喻体相异、喻义相似文化的差异导致同样的喻义在此文化中用这种喻体，在彼文化中可能使用一个完全不同的喻体。“百兽之王”汉文化：虎英语文化：狮子英国历史上查里一世(KingRichard)因其勇武善战被誉为thelion-heartedk