直接引语和间接引语用法讲解

直接引语和间接引语用法讲解一、概述引用或转述别人说的话时有两种方法：直接引述别人的原话，这叫做直接引语(directspeech)。用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语(indirectspeech)。Mr.Blacksaid,“I'mbusy.”Mr.Blacksaidthathewasbusy.二、直接引语陈述句直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导（that在口语中常省去），that从句之前用say、tell等动词，从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应的变化。1、人称的变化Hesaid,“Ilikeitverymuch.”→Hesaidthathelikeditverymuch.(I改为he,it不变)Hesaid,“Youtoldmethisstory.”→HesaidthatIhadtoldhimthatstory.(You改为I,me改为him,told改为hadtold)Hesaidtome,“She’sleftherbookinyourroom”.→Hetoldmethatshehadleftherbookinmyroom.（She’s→shehad，her不变，your→my）直接引语改为间接引语人称要相应的变化，把直接引语中的第一人称(如：I，me，my，mine，we，us，our，ours)变为与主句的主语相一致的人称。把直接引语中的第二人称(you，your，yours)变为和主句的间接宾语(即听话人，如无听话人，可根据上下文的体会人为确定一个人称)相一致的人称。直接引语中的第三人称(he，him，his，she，her，hers,it，its,they,their，theirs，them)变为间接引语时，人称不变。2、时态的变化（1）主句的谓语动词是一般时和过去时Hesaid,“IusuallywatchTVonSunday.”→HesaidthatheusuallywatchedTVonSunday.Hesaid,“I'musingtheknife.”→Hesaidthathewasusingtheknife.Shesaid,“IhavenotheardfromhimsinceMay.”→ShesaidthatshehadnotheardfromhimsinceMay.Hesaid，“Icametohelpyou.”直接引语间接引语一般现在时一般过去时现在进行时过去进行时现在完成时过去完成时一般过去时过去完成时过去完成时过去完成时(不变)一般将来时过去将来时一般将来进行时过去将来进行时一般将来完成时过去将来完成时→Hesaidthathehadcometohelpme.Hesaid,“Ihadfinishedmyhomeworkbeforesupper.”→Hesaidthathehadfinishedhishomeworkbeforesupper.ZhouLansaid,“I'lldoitafterclass.”→ZhouLansaidthatshewoulddoitafterclass.Hesaid,“Ishallbedoingmyhomeworkthen.”→Hesaidthatheshouldbedoinghishomeworkthen.Hesaid,“Weshallhavefinishedtheworkbythattime.”→Hesaidthattheyshouldhavefinishedtheworkbythattime.注意：直接引语如果是客观真理、名人名言、与一个具体的过去时间连用说明客观事实时，变为间接引语时，时态不变。Theteachersaid,“Theearthisround.”→Theteachersaidthattheearthisround.Hesaid,“IwasborninShangdongin1965.”→HesaidthathewasborninShangdongin1965.（2）主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时如果主句的谓语动词是现在时或将来时，直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一律不变Hesays,“Ifinishedthework.Hesaysthathefinishedthework.Hewillsay,“Ihavewateredtheflowers.”Hewillsayhehaswateredtheflowers.3、指示代词、时间状语和地点状语的相应变化见下表：Hesaid,“ImetMr.Smiththismorning.”→HesaidthathehadmetMr.Smiththatmorning.Hesaid,“Wewenttothecinemayesterday.”→Hesaidtheyhadgonetothecinemathedaybefore.Lilysaid,“Iwillcomebacknextmonth.”→Lilysaidthatshewouldgobackthenextmonth.Hesaid,“Itisnineo'clocknow.”→Hesaidthatitwasnineo'clockthen.Hesaid,“Ihaven'tseenhertoday.”→Hesaidthathehadn'tseenherthatday.Shesaid,“Iwentthereyesterday.”→Shesaidthatshehadgonetherethedaybefore.Shesaid,“I'llgotheretomorrow.”→Shesaidthatshewouldgotherethenextday.巧记:去掉引号加that，人称变化要灵活，时态向后退一步，状语变化按规定。三、直接引语是疑问句时直接引语如为疑问句，改为间接引语时，须将疑问句的语序改为陈述句的语序。其人称、时态等相应的变化同上。巧记：if(或whether)替引号，陈述语序要记牢。时态、人称和状语要变化，千万别把它忘掉。1、直接引语是一般问句变为间接引语时，须用连接词whether或if将其引出，使其成为间接引语的宾语从句。如果主句中的谓语动词为said，则将其改为asked。如果谓语动词后没有间接宾语，可以加上一个间接宾语me,him,her,them,us等。Shesaid,“Isyourfatheranengineer?”→Sheaskedmewhethermyfatherwasanengineer.TheteachersaidtoLiMing,“Haveyoufinishedyourhomework?”→TheteacheraskedLiMingwhetherhehadfinishedhishomework.2、直接引语是特殊问句如果直接引语为特殊疑问句,改为间接引语时，仍用特殊疑问句中的疑问词what,where,when,who,howmany作为连接词将其引出，构成间接引语中的宾语从句，但须将疑问式的动词改为陈述式。如果主句中的谓语动词为said，则将其改为asked。“WhatdoyoudoeverySundaymorning?”myfriendsaidtome.→MyfriendaskedmewhatIdideverySundaymorning.“Wherehaveyoubeen,LiMing?”theteacherasked.→TheteacheraskedLiMingwherehehadbeen.Iaskedher,“HowmanyEnglishbookswillyoureadnextterm?”→IaskedherhowmanyEnglishbooksshewouldreadthenextterm.“Whendidyougetupthismorning?”askedmyfather.→MyfatheraskedmewhenIhadgotupthatmorning.注意：直接引语里是：What'swrongwith……?/What'sthematter?/What'sthetrouble?/Whathashappened?/等特殊疑问句时,间接引语的语序不变。Hesaidtoher“What’sthematterwithyou?”他问她“你怎么了？”Heaskedherwhatwasthematterwithher.他问她怎么了。四、直接引语是祈使句巧记：去掉引号要加to；ask，order须记住，直引若是否定式，not加在to前部。Hesaid,“Sitdown,please.”→Heaskedmetositdown.Theteachersaid,“Don’ttalkinclass!”→Theteachertoldusnottotalkinclass!Thecaptainsaidtohismen,“Fire!”→Thecaptainorderedhismentofire.五、点击考点I.改错：1.HesaidthatheisgoingtoLondon.2.Tomsaidtheyhadfinishedthejobyesterday.3.Sheaskedmedon’tsmokeintheroom.4.Theyaskedthathewasthere.5.Iaskedyouwherewashegoing.6.Theteachertoldusnottalkanymore.7.Thedoctorsaidtohiswife,Notwaitforme.8.HeaskedmewhoIam.9.Marysaidthatshewouldseeyoutomorrow.10.Motheraskedwhatthematterwas.II.将下列句子改为间接引语1.“Wherewillyougotomorrow?”,Motheraskedme.2.Theoldwomansaidtome,“Pleaselockthedoorforme.”3.Theboytoldhisteacher,“Wewenttoanexhibitionyesterday.”4.Hesaid,“I'llgotothestationtoseeoffafriendofminethisafternoon.”5.“Hello,howareyou?”,hesaidtome.6.Tomsaidtomeangrily,“Whydon’tyoutellmeyouhavebeenherefortwoweeks?”7.JohnsaidtoMary,“DoyourememberIborrowedadiamondnecklacefromyou?”8.TheteachersaidtoLiMing,“Don’tmakethesamemistakeagain.”9.“Areyouleavingtodayortomorrow?”,Iaskedher.10.Thenursesaidtothechildren,“Thesunrisesintheeast.”参考答案:I.1.is→was2.yesterday→thedaybefore3.don’t→notto4.that→if5.washe→hewas6.not后面加to7.Not→Don't8.am→was9.tomorrow→thenextday10.wasthematterII.1.MotheraskedmewhereIwouldgothenextday.2.Theoldwomanaskedmetolockthedoorforher.3.Theboytoldhisteacherthattheyhadgonetoanexhibitionthedaybefore.4.Hesaidthathewouldgotothestationtoseeoffafriendofhisthatafternoon.5.HeaskedmehowIwas.6.TomaskedmeangrilywhyIdidn'ttellhimIhadbeentherefortwo