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中考总复习之定语从句专项详解巧练1.定语从句的概念：在复合句中，用来修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词，定语从句必须放在先行词之后，对先行词起修饰限定作用。e.g.HeisthemanwhoIwanttosee.先行词关系词定语从句2.定语从句的引导词：定语从句的引导词有关系代词that,which,who(whom,whose)和关系副词where,when,why两种，关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起联系作用，同时又在定语从句中充当一定成分。3.关系代词引导的定语从句：①如果先行词是表示人的名词或代词，关系代词应用who(whom,whose)和that。e.g.ThisisXiaoWangwho/thatgaveusatalkyesterday.(who/that在从句中作主语)这就是昨天给我们作报告的小王。Themanwhom/thatyousawlastweekhasleftthetown.(whom/that在从句中作宾语)上周你看见的那个人已离开了城镇。Iknowthewomanwhosehusbandisadoctor.(whose在从句中作定语)我认识的那个妇女，她的丈夫是个医生。②如果先行词是表示物的名词或代词时，则用which或that。e.g.Guilinisacitywhich/thathasahistoryof2000years.(which/that在从句子中作主语)桂林是座具有2000年历史的城市。Themooncakeswhich/thatmothercookedtastenice.(which/that在从句中作宾语)妈妈做的月饼很好吃。4.关系代词引导定语从句应该注意的几个方面：①关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词用单数还是复数应由先行词决定。e.g.ThemanwholivesdownstairsspeaksEnglishwell.住在楼下的那个人英语说得很好。ThestudentswhoareinGradeThreearegoingtoclimbthehilltomorrow.3年级的学生明天去爬山。②当关系代词在定语从句中作宾语时，往往可以省略。e.g.Mrs.Smith(whom)youmetyesterdayisafriendofmine.你昨天碰见的那位史密斯夫人是我的一位朋友。Thisisthebook(which)youarelookingfor.这是那本你正在找的书。Therearesomefilms(that)I’dliketosee.有几部电影我想去看。③口语中作为宾语的关系代词whom也可用who，且也可以省略。e.g.Theman(whom/who)youweretalkingabouthascometoourschool.你们刚才在谈论的那个人已经来到我们学校。④关系代词在从句中作介词宾语时，介词可以放在whom,which之前（不可放在that之前）Page3e.g.Theman(whom)IborrowedthebookfromisLiLei.→ThemanfromwhomIborrowedthebookisLiLei.我借书的那个人是李雷。Thehouse(which)helivesinisquitelarge.→Thehouseinwhichhelivesisquitelarge.他住的房子很大。应注意，如果介词位于关系代词之前，关系代词不可省略，另外，若定语从句中谓语动词是固定搭配的词组，则其后的介词或副词不可前移至关系代词之前。e.g.Thedictionarywhichyouarelookingforisonthedesk.你在寻找的那本词典在桌子上。Thesickmanwhomsheistakingcareofisherfarther.她在照顾的病人是她父亲。5.关系代词只能用that的几种情况：(只作了解)①当先行词是everything,anything,nothing,none,theone(something除外)等不定代词时。e.g.Ihadtoremembereverythingthattheteachertaughtme.我必须记住老师教给我的一切知识。②先行词被序数词或thelast修饰时。e.g.Hewasthefirststudentthatgottoschooltoday.他是今天第一个到学校的学生。③先行词是或被all,no,some,any,little,much,few等修饰时。e.g.Ihavedoneallthathetoldustodo.我已完成了他让我做的一切。④先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。e.g.HeworkedoutthemostdifficultproblemthatIhadseen.他解答出我所见过最难的题目。⑤先行词被thevery,theonly,thesame修饰时。e.g.Ineedthesamedictionarythatyouhave.我需要同你一样的字典。⑥先行词是两个或多个分别表示人和物的名词时e.g.Hetoldusmanyinterestingthingsandpersonsthatwehadneverheard.他给我们讲了许多我们从来没有听说过的有趣的人和事。⑦主句是以who,which引导的特殊疑问句时e.g.Whoisthemanthatyouspoketojustnow?你刚才跟他说话的那个人是谁？6.定语从句可以简化成短语。①定语从句为被动结构，可用过去分词短语简化。e.g.IboughtabookthatwaswrittenbyLuXun.→IboughtabookwrittenbyLuXun.我买了一本鲁迅写的书。②若为主动结构，且为进行时态或从句表示经常性的动作和状态时，可用现在分词短语简化。e.g.Tellthechildrenwhoareplayingtherenottodothat.→Tellthechildrenplayingtherenottodothat.Thehousethatstandsatthecornerwasbuiltin1987.→Thehousestandingatthecornerwasbuiltin1987.③当从句中的谓语动词表示一个将要发生的动作或具有某种情态意义时，可简化为动词不定式。e.g.Wehavenothingthatweshouldfear.→Wehavenothingtofear.我们没有什么事情可以害怕。④当从句的谓语动词后是介词短语时，可简化为介词短语作定语。e.g.Thebookthatisonthetableisexpensive.→Thebookonthetableisexpensive.7.关系副词when或where引导定语从句时,它们在从句中分别作时间状语和地点状语。如：Thisistheroomwheretheyhadaquarrelaweekago.(这是一个星期前他们吵架的房间。)/IcanneverforgetthedaywhenIfirstsawyou.(我永远不会忘记第一次见到你的日子。)[注意]一、定语从句是复合句的重要组成部分。在定语从句中不管出现什么情况，主句的结构必须完整。试比较：1.Isthisfarm________theyvisitedthedaybeforeyesterday?2.Isthisthefarm________theyvisitedthedaybeforeyesterday?A.whichB.theoneC.whereD.what简析：第1题中主句缺少表语，只有B项才能保持主句的完整性。故选B。第2题的主句本身已完整，应填关系代词作定语从句中及物动词visit的宾语。所以，正确答案是A。二、在定语从句中，关系代词或关系副词已经代替先行词在定语从句中充当了某一成分，因此，定语从句中不能再出现与关系代词或关系副词相重叠的成分。例如：改错：DoyourememberthebookthatIlentittoyoulastweek?简析：该题中的that指代先行词book，在定语从句中充当了动词lend的逻辑宾语，故it应该删除。三、解题时，首先要结合选项对题干进行整体感知，确定定语从句的位置；根据定语从句中所缺少的句子成分，分析先行词逻辑上在定语从句中的成分，继而选出正确的选项。例如：Canyoutellmethenameofthefactory________youvisitedlastweek?A.whatB.whereC./D.when简析：本题定语从句的主语、谓语、时间状语已具备，而visit是个及物动词，从语义上分析，factory作visit的宾语。故只能选C(引导词在定语从句中作宾语时可以省略）。四、解答介词+关系代词类型的定语从句题时，关键在于分析定语从句中的谓语动词（该动词是不及物动词）习惯上常与什么介词搭配使用。这就需要同学们在平时学习时要注重某些不及物动词和介词惯用的情形，并要灵活运用。例如：Inthedarkstreet,therewasn'tasingleperson________shecouldturnforhelp.A.thatB.whoC.fromwhomD.towhom简析:本题定语从句中的turn与介词to构成固定短语turntosb.forhelp(向某人求助）。所以，D是正确选项。定语从句前必须有个名词,定语从句用来修饰前边的名词,这个名词叫先行词.定语从句必须由一个关联引导,并在定语从句中充当一个成分.whothatwhomrelativepronounthatwhick(关系代词)whoseasrelativeadverbwhenwherewhy(关系副词)I.who/that(指前边的人,在定语从句中做主语，不能省略)1.Thisisthegirl.Thegirlhelpedmeyesterday.Thisisthegirl(who/thathelpedmeyesterday.)2.Thegirlismyneighbor.Thegirlhelpedmeyesterday.Thegirl(who/thathelpedmeyesterday)ismyneighbor./II.who/whom/that(指前边的人,在定语从句中作宾语,可省略)1.Iwillneverforgettheboy.Imettheboylastyear.Iwillneverforgettheboy(who/whom/thatImetlastyear.)2.Themanisanadvancedworker.Youshookhandswithhimjustnow.Themanwho/whom/thatyoushookhandswithjustnowisanadvancedworker.Theman(withwhomyoushookhands)isanadvancedworker.III.that/which(指前边的物,在定语从句中做主语或宾语,做宾语时可以省略)1.Aplaneisamachine.Themachinecanfly.Aplaneisamachine(that/whichcanfly.)2.Ilostthedictionary.Thedictionarygavemealotofhelp.Ilostthedictionary(that/whichgavemealotofhelp.)3.Whatdoyouthinkaboutthemuseum?Theybuiltitlastyear.Whatdoyouthinkaboutthemuseum(that/whichtheybuiltlastyear?)4.Idon’tlikethefilm.Theytalkedaboutthefilmyesterday.Idon’tlikethefilm(that/whichtheytalk