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1.introductionInferdifferentViewedinteractingincludedfocusedemphasizewhilearisestwodescribingcomponentsknowledgealthoughfunctionsResearchonreadingcomprehensionduringthelastdecadeshas___1___ontwoissues:one,thereader’spriorknowledge;and_2____,thenotionofthereaderasanactivesubjectwhosementalbackgroundisactivatedineveryactoflearning.Intop-downreadingcomprehensionmodels,readersareenvisagedas__3____withtexts,inthattheyinterpretthetextand___4___itsmeaningwiththehelpoftheirownknowledge,sothateveryactofreadingis___5___evenifthetextisthesame.Thesemodels___6____thereader’sbcakgroundknowledge,andseemmostadequatefor___7_____thereadingsituationofadultlearnersofaforeignlanguage.Aspartofthepiorknowledgethatthereaderpossesses,three___8_____havebeenidentifiedintheliterature:thematicorconceptual,linguistic,andformal.Aformalschemaisusuallyunderstoodasrepresentingthe___9_____thatthereaderhasabouttheformalcharacterisitcsoftexts,especiallytheirstructuringorsequence,andtheirfunctions.___10____inthisway,theformalcomponentwouldactuallybeforapurelylinguisticnature,sothatitcouldbe__11____withinthesecondcomponent,__12_____atasuprasententiallevel.Evenso,aproblemoftexttypology__13_____,sinceresearchersandscholarsfrequentlyperceivecertaintextsasbeingdifferent,__14_____apparentlyhavingthesamesupraseententialstructuringorsequencing,andsimilartextual____15____.2.abstractInfluencebothlanguagesmoreovertaskthaneasierwithexplainedassessedOnehundredtwenty-twothird-gradechinesechildrenwere__1____withanewmorphological(形态的)awarenesstaskinvolvingopen-endedlexicalcompounding,inadditiontocompletingothermeasures.__2____children’sage,nonverbalintelligence,phonological(音位的)awareness,andpreviouslyestablishedmeasuresofmorphologicalawarenessstatisticallycontrolled,thiscompoundingproductiontasksignifically___3____uniquevarianceinbothchinesecharacterreadingandvocabularyknowledge.Withinthisnewtask,subordinateandcoordinativestructuresweresignificantly_4____tocompoundthanweresubject-predicateandverb-objectstructure.___5___,novalcompoundsthatmadeuseofverbmorphemesweremoredifficulttomanipulate__6____werethosethatdidnotcontainverbs.Thisnewlydeveloped__7___ofcompoundingproductionmaybeoptimal(最优的)fortappingolderchildren’smorphologicalawarenssintheformoflexicalcompounding,in__8___Chineseandpossiblyother__9___.Inaddition,theseresultsdemonstratethatlinguisticmanipulationswithintasksofmorphologicalawarenesscan__10____theirdifficultylevels.3.discussionconsistentbetteroutperformhypothesisunrestrictedpurposesecondevaluateexaminingwithregardtoThe__1____forconductingthisstudywastwofold.First,wesoughtto_2____thecombinationofmultimediaelementsthatisoptimalforretentionoftutorialknowledgeandtransferofcomputer-networkingskills.____3___,wesoughttoempiricallytestthecurrenttheoreticalmodelsofmultimediainstructionaldeliveryby___4___whethertutorialmodalityandrestrictionofacomplexsimulation’s模拟interfaceaffectedperformancebecauseofdifferencesindemandsonalearner’scognitiveresources.___5____exploringhowinstructionalmodalitydeliveryoftheMyFirstPTLabtutorialaffectsperformanceonretentionandtransfer,wehypothesizedthatthevoice-onlyconditionwould___6___boththetext-onlyandvoice-plus-textconditionsbecauseofthemodalityprinciple.Withintheunrestrictedconditions,this___7___wassupportedforthetransfertestbutnottheretentiontest.WhenPT’sinterface界面was___8____,thevoice-onlytutorial辅导课was__9____thanthetext-onlyone.Thisfindingis_10______withboththemodalityeffectandtheredundancyprinciple.Inparticular,Mayerhasfoundthatwhenpresentinginstructionalcontentthroughmultimediaanimation,itisnarration,ratherthantextornarrationplustext,thatleadstoincreasedscoresonmeasuresoftransferbutnotretention.4.conlusionknowledgeexperimentsforexampleinfluencespapershownsuggestpersuasivebasicsignificantlyInthispaperwehavereportedtwobrief___1___whichinterrogatedoneparticularfactorwhich____2____thelevelofpersuasionthatresearch-activemathematiciansandsuccessfulmathematicsundergraudatesarewillingtoinvestinvisualmathematicalarguments.Acrosstwoexperimentsitwas___3___thatthepresenceofaparagraphoftextwhichdescribedthevisualimage---butprovidednodeductivesupporttotheclaim—madethevisualevidencesignificantlymore___4____.Inaddition,____5___moreparticipantswhosawthedescriptivetextconsideredthatthevisualargumentprovideddefinitivesupporttotheclaimthanthosewhodidnotseethetext.Althoughtheexperimentsreportedinthispaperarerather__6___andexploraryinnature,theirfindings__7____thatthepsychologicalstudyofmathematicalbehaviorcouldproductivelyinformcurrentphilosophicaldiscussionsregardingtheroleofvisualisationinmathematicalpractices.Althoughthestudydiscussedinthis___8____wasexperimental,manyotherempiricalmethodsarealsolikelytoprovideusefulinsightsintomathematicalbehavior.DunbarandBlanchette,______9______,combinedexperimentalandnaturalisticenquirymethodsduringtheirprogramofresearchonscientificargumentation.Regardlessoftheexactnatureofthemethodsadopted,webelievemorein-depthempiricalstudiesofactualmathematicalbehaviorwillconsiderablyaddtoour___10___regardingnotonl