YaleSchoolofManagement1金融技术、经济增长与文化陈志武耶鲁大学管理学院金融经济学教授北京大学光华管理学院特聘教授YaleSchoolofManagement2科学技术与金融技术我们很熟悉科学技术的重要性。终于接受了“赛先生”但是,金融技术呢?YaleSchoolofManagement3以“货币”创新为例YaleSchoolofManagement4YaleSchoolofManagement5货币金融创新的作用大大加快市场交易速度:生产力直线上升促进专业分工的空前细化:使“向钱看”有了基础YaleSchoolofManagement6但是,以往,我们只注意到货币创新的意义。忽视了证券类金融技术的价值YaleSchoolofManagement7Whatdoesittaketodevelopsecuritiesmarkets?ContractenforcementiskeyFinancialmarketdevelopmentdependscriticallyontheinformationalenvironment:YaleSchoolofManagement8Akerlof(1970)TheMarketforLemons:QualityUncertaintyandtheMarketMechanismKeypoint:themoreinformationallyopaquethemarket,themoreseveretheadverseselectionproblemthemorelikelyforthemarkettoshutdownYaleSchoolofManagement9ManufacturingandminingcangetbyevenwithoutruleoflaworfreepressConsidermanufacturingandtradingacar:Youcanlookatandtest-driveit:color,style,engine,mechanicalquality,….YaleSchoolofManagement10But,servicesectordependsmoreontheruleoflawandpressfreedomConsiderbuyingastock:Youcannotlookatortest-driveit:Nocolor,nostyle,noengine,nomechanicalquality,….XYZCorp.YaleSchoolofManagement11ImplicationsofthisContrastbetweenTangibleGoodsMkt&ServicesExplainswhyhistoricallypressfreedomwasmoreofapoliticallyneededinstitutionBut,astheindustrialrevolutionhelpedintegratemarketswithincountriesandcross-regionaltradingbecomemorewide-spread,…Therailroad,thesteamshipvessels,andthetelegraphinmid1800’s,……YaleSchoolofManagement12Asrelationshipfinancehasbeengraduallyreplacedbyarm’s-lengthfinanceAfreepressandinformationalenvironmentisequallyimportantforeconomic/marketdevelopment.6corporationsintheU.S.manufacturingindustryin1800.In1813,BostonManufacturingCompany,thefirstimportantmanufacturingcompanytogo“public”:11investorsin1813,76investorsin1830123investorsin1850Whenperhapsthelargestcorp.,NYCentralRailroad,wasformedin1853,ithad2445investors.YaleSchoolofManagement13BriefHistoryofNewspapersInEnglish-speakingworld,TheWeeklyNewsof1622wasprobablythefirst.InAmerica,thefirstwasPublickOccurrencesin1690.ThefirstsuccessfulnewspaperwastheBostonNews-Letterin1704.By1783,therewere43newspapers.By1814,thenumber:346By1880,therewere11,314newspapersThefirstbusiness-andmarkets-dedicatednewspaper,TheWallStreetJournal,didnotoccuruntil1889.YaleSchoolofManagement14不同股市上的股价互动称度50%55%60%65%70%75%80%85%美国法国英国比利时日本泰国香港捷克南韩墨西哥马来西亚中国波兰中国一周中,多少股票往同一方向走?YaleSchoolofManagement15新闻自由与一国股市的股价互动程度媒体言论保护最差国家媒体言论保护中等的国家媒体言论保护最好的国家64.1%66.8%71.0%60%65%70%75%123多少股票往同一方向走?YaleSchoolofManagement16Chart4:PressFreedomandStockMarketDevelopment16.55%24.11%35.25%0%10%20%30%40%CountrieswithNot-FreePressCountrieswithPartlyFreePressFree-PressCountriesBasedon1972pressfreedomratings,57countriesaredividedintothreeequalgroups.ThemedianratiobetweenstockmarketcapitalizationandGDPisreportedforeachcountrygroup.StockMarketCapitalizationtoGDPRatioYaleSchoolofManagement17Indeed,cross-countrydatasupportthedependenceofServiceSectorDevelopmentonpressfreedomBasedon1990pressfreedomratings,107countriesaredividedintothreeequalgroups.Theaverageservicesector’sshareinacountry’s2002GDPisreportedforeachcountrygroup.Thehighertheshare,thebetterdevelopedthecountry’sservicesector.62.39%57.09%48.49%40%45%50%55%60%65%Free-PressCountriesCountrieswithPartlyFreePressCountireswithNot-FreePressServicesector’scontributiontoGDPYaleSchoolofManagement18值得深思的问题70至90年代,日本、韩国、新加坡、香港、台湾都靠出口来发展经济,这些年的中国也如此。当这些国家和地区都内需不够、靠出口来发展时,那么有些国家必然内需过剩。那么,美国靠什么使其内需过剩呢?YaleSchoolofManagement19图二:北京市城镇居民储蓄率1.5%1.5%2.2%0.5%4.7%2.8%3.9%-1.7%0.0%2.9%-1.3%4.8%7.9%8.8%9.7%10.8%12.6%14.5%16.8%16.4%17.7%18.3%17.9%22.9%17.5%-5%0%5%10%15%20%25%1978年1980年1982年1984年1986年1988年1990年1992年1994年1996年1998年2000年2002年YaleSchoolofManagement20我们来看看“经济增长链”厂商消费者银行储蓄产品需求工薪出口YaleSchoolofManagement21图三:普通家庭的金融资产投资组合分布——金融创新最终反映在老百姓的福利上银行存款%股票投资%债券投资%保险投资退休金意大利35.7%11.3%37.8%10.3%4.1%中国84.5%7.7%5.8%1.7%日本52.1%15.5%5.2%20.1%7.1%德国37.0%16.9%17.0%22.5%(保险加退休金)英国21.5%19.9%9.2%49.4%(保险加退休金)美国23.6%34.6%5.2%2.8%36.2%YaleSchoolofManagement22为理解针对居民的金融创新的作用,我们看到:个人财富=流动性资产+人力资本假如张三今天拿到金融博士,以后的收入为:年1年2年10年3·······10万10万10万10万10万年11YaleSchoolofManagement23张三何时能买房?如果没有住房按揭贷款,那么要节约10年才能买价格为50万的房子,而且每月要存4千。如果有30年住房按揭贷款,假如利息是4%,那他每月只付2.3千元就能立即买房,而不是等十年。汽车贷款的效果也如此。---这都可减少存钱压力,增加内需YaleSchoolofManagement24住房按揭贷款等于“把张三的未来收入流作证券化”YaleSchoolofManagement25以住房按揭贷款为例:近年的经历给我们什么一般性启示?19042613583377559882530300060009000199719981999200020012002全国住房贷款余额单位:亿元YaleSchoolofManagement26我们再来看看美国的经历二十世纪之前的美国也以农为主,并非世界最强但,在二战之后成为公认的世界最强。其中原因很多,可有一点是肯定的:其消费能量在很大程度上是自1934年开始的一系列金融创新、社保创新与退休金项目的产物YaleSchoolofManagement27图三:美国人均储蓄率0%2%4%6%8%10%12%194619501954195819621966197019741978198219861990199419982002YaleSchoolofManagement28美国住房按揭市场的发展史自从有银行以来,住房按揭贷款一直是美国银行的正常业务。但,在三十年代之前,住房贷款期限不超过五年按揭贷款在结构安排上也有问题,比如,到期之前,借款方每月只需支付利息,等贷款到期时再把所借的本金一次性还清。这种支付安排使银行承担过多风险(因此,银行不愿作太多住房贷款),另一方面给借款方带来太多一次性的支付压力YaleSchoolofManagement291929年10月股市泡沫破裂许多股民血本无归、众多公司相继破产,失业率达到空前高度(最高时为25%)。这一来,许多人无法在住房贷款到期时归还本金,只好选择个人破产,让银行接过被质押的房屋。结果,大批银行和信贷机构倒闭。因此,当时的住房贷款在证券结构上的弊端加重了那次经济危机、银行危机YaleSchoolofM