步进电机细分控制器的设计

湖南生物机电职业技术学院毕业设计（论文）题目：步进电机细分控制器的设计专业电子电气工程系班级电子315班姓名指导教师2008年5月目录摘要··············································································关键词···········································································一．引言········································································二．步进电机··································································1.1步进电机的原理·································································21.2步进电机的基本参数··························································21.3步进电机的特点··································································三．步进电机的应用·························································2.1步进电机的选择···································································2.2应用中的注意点···································································2.3其他说明············································································四．步进电机驱动器的原理················································4.1脉冲信号的产生····································································4.2功率放大·············································································4.3细分驱动器··········································································五．细分方案的探讨·························································5.1方案一：（采用8031和8155够成的细分系统）··························○1控制系统工作原理···································································○2方案一小结·············································································2.方案二：（采用TA8435H芯片的步进电机细分方法·······························○1TA8435芯片特点··································································○2TA8435细分工作原理····························································○3单片机与TA8345连接控制步进电机原理图···································○4单片机程序的设计··································································○5方案二小结···········································································六．总结········································································七．参考文献··································································1【摘要】步进电机是一种将电脉冲转化为角位移的执行机构。当步进驱动器接收到一个脉冲信号，它就驱动步进电机按设定的方向转动一个固定的角度(称为“步距角”)，它的旋转是以固定的角度一步一步运行的。可以通过控制脉冲个数来控制角位移量，从而达到准确定位的目的；同时可以通过控制脉冲频率来控制电机转动的速度和加速度，从而达到调速的目的。步进电机可以作为一种控制用的特种电机，利用其没有积累误差(精度为100%)的特点，广泛应用于各种开环控制。现在比较常用的步进电机包括反应式步进电机（VR）、永磁式步进电机（PM）、混合式步进电机（HB）和单相式步进电机等。【关键词】电动机、8031、8055、芯片、细分系统、程序【Summary】treadisakindofperformanceorganizationthatwillgiveorgetanelectricshockapulseconversiontomovefortheCapeintotheelectricalengineering.Whentreadtoreceivetoapulsesignalintotheactuator,itdrivesasteptoenterthedirectionthattheelectricalengineeringpresstheenactmenttoturntomoveanangle(becalledtreadtobeapartfromCape)forfix,itofrevolvetofixoftheangleone-stepmovementof.CanpasscontrolpulsepiecetocontrolaCapetomovequantity,attainthepurposeofaccuratefixedpositionthus;Thepurposecannedpasscontrolpulsefrequencytocontrolelectricalengineeringtobecomedynamicspeedandaccelerationinthemeantime,attainedtoadjustthussoon.Treadintoelectricalengineeringcanconductandactionsakindofcontroluseofspecialkindelectricalengineering,makeuseofthecharacteristicsthatitdoesn'thavebacklogerrormargin(theaccuracyis100%),extensivelyappliedinvariousopenawreathcontrol.MoreandincommonuselytreadtoincludeareactiontypetotreadaCitypetotreadintotheelectricalengineering(PM)intotheelectricalengineering(VR)andalwaysintotheelectricalengineeringnow,mixturethetypetreadintotheelectricalengineering(HB)andthelistmutuallythetypetreadetc.isintotheelectricalengineering.【Keyword】electricmotor,8031,8055,chip,subdividesystem，Procedure2引言一、步进电机是将电脉冲信号转变为角位移或线位移的开环控制元件。在非超载的情况下，电机的转速、停止的位置只取决于脉冲信号的频率和脉冲数，而不受负载变化的影响，即给电机加一个脉冲信号，电机则转过一个步距角。这一线性关系的存在，加上步进电机只有周期性的误差而无累积误差等特点。使得在速度、位置等控制领域用步进电机来控制变的非常的简单。虽然步进电机已被广泛地应用，但步进电机并不能象普通的直流电机，交流电机在常规下使用。它必须由双环形脉冲信号、功率驱动电路等组成控制系统方可使用。因此用好步进电机却非易事，它涉及到机械、电机、电子及计算机等许多专业知识。目前,生产步进电机的厂家的确不少，但具有专业技术人员，能够自行开发，研制的厂家却非常少，大部分的厂家只一、二十人，连最基本的设备都没有。仅仅处于一种盲目的仿制阶段。这就给户在产品选型、使用中造成许多麻烦。签于上述情况，我们决定以广泛的感应子式步进电机为例。叙述其基本工作原理。望能对广大用户在选型、使用、及整机改进时有所帮助。二、感应子式步进电机工作原理（一）反应式步进电机原理由于反应式步进电机工作原理比较简单。下面先叙述三相反应式步进电机原理。1、结构：电机转子均匀分布着很多小齿，定子齿有三个励磁绕阻，其几何轴线依次分别与转子齿轴线错开。0、1/3て、2/3て,（相邻两转子齿轴线间的距离为齿距以て表示），即A与齿1相对齐，B与齿2向右错开1/3て，C与齿3向右错开2/3て，A'与齿5相对齐，（A'就是A，齿5就是齿1）下面是定转子的展开图：2、旋转：如A相通电，B，C相不通电时，由于磁场作用，齿1与A对齐，（转子不受任何力以下均同）。如B相通电，A，C相不通电时，齿2应与B对齐，此时转子向右移3过1/3て，此时齿3与C偏移为1/3て，齿4与A偏移（て-1/3て）=2/3て。如C相通电，A，B相不通电，齿3应与C对齐，此时转子又向右移过1/3て，此时齿4与A偏移为1/3て对齐。如A相通电，B，C相不通电，齿4与A对齐，转子又向右移过1/3て这样经过A、B、C、A分别通电状态，齿4（即齿1前一齿）移到A相，电机转子向右转过一个齿距，如果不断地按A，B，C，A……通电，电机就每步（每脉冲）1/3て,向右旋转。如按A，C，B，A……通电，电机就反转。由此可见：电机的位置和速度由导电次数（脉冲数）和频率成一一对应关系。而方向由导电顺序决定。不过，出于对力矩、平稳、噪音及减少角度等方面考虑。往往采用A-AB-B-BC－C-CA-A这种导电状态，这样将原来每步1/3て改变为1/6て。甚至于通过二相电流不同的组合，使其1/3て变为1/12て，1/24て，这就是电机细分驱动的基本理论依据。不难推出：电机定子上有m相励磁绕阻，其轴线分别与转子齿轴线偏移1/m,2/m……(m-1)/m,1。并且导电按一定的相序电机就能正反转被控制——这是步进电机旋转的物理条件。只要符合这一条件我们理论上可以制造任何相的步进电机，出于成本等多方面考虑，市场上一般以二、三、四、五相为多。3、力矩：电机一旦通电，在定转子间将产生磁场（磁通量Ф）当转子与定子错开一定角度产生力F与（dФ/dθ）成正比其磁通量Ф=Br*SBr为磁密，S为导磁面积F与L*D*Br成正比L为铁芯有效长度，D为转子直径Br=N·I/RN·I为励磁绕阻安匝数（电流乘匝数）R为磁阻。力矩=力*半径力矩与电机有效体积*安匝数*磁密成正比（只考虑线性状态）因此，电机有效体积越大，励磁