汉英篇章衔接手段和连贯手段的对比AcontrastivestudyofcohesivedevicesandcoherentdevicesinEnglishandChinesetextsSteps1.IntroductionText,cohesion,coherence,cohesivedevices,coherentdevices2.Comparison3.Improvingthetranslation篇章篇章是表达整体概念的语义单位。它在一定的情景中产生,提供作者想传达的信息,各成分之间有语言手段将其衔接在一起,成为语义连贯的整体,为交际的受者所接受。衔接性和连贯性是篇章最重要的特征。cohere,Lat.co-+haer¶e(cling),tostickorheldtogether,andtohaveinternalelementsorpartslogicallyconnectedsothataestheticconsistencyresults.Cohesion&CoherenceBothconstructsrepresenthowwords,constituents,andideasconveyedinatextareconnected.Cohesiondealswiththeconnectednessbetweenelementsatlowlevelsoftext,thatis,amongsentenceelements,andclausesnormallywithinaparagraph.Textcohesionmodelstextintermsofrelationsbetweenwordsorreferringexpressionstohelpdeterminehowtightlyconnectedthetextis.Coherenceexpressesthecontinuitythatexistsbetweenonepartoftextandanotherandtheoverallrelationofallparts.Textcoherencedisplaystextintermsofmacrolevelrelationsbetweenclausesorsentencestohelpdeterminetheoverallstructureofthetext.Thetopicofcohesion…hasalwaysappearedtomethemostusefulconstituentofdiscourseanalysisortextlinguisticsapplicabletotranslation.”(Newmark,1987:295)Cohesivedevices语法衔接(grammaticalcohesion):指称/照应(reference)替代(substitution)省略(ellipsis)连接/关联(conjunction)词汇衔接(lexicalcohesion):•复现关系(reiteration)•同现关系(collocation)--Halliday&Hasan:CohesioninEnglish,1976.指称关系ReferenceReferenceisdefinedasacasewheretheinformationtoberetrievedisthereferentialmeaning,theidentityoftheparticularthingorclassofthingsthatisbeingreferredto.指称关系指指词与所指对象之间的语义关系,用代词等语法关系表示。人称指称(personalreference):人称指称关系的指称词一般为第三人称代词,如,him、his、everybody等;指示指称(demonstrativereference):指示指称词包括this、that、these、those之类的指示代词以及定冠词the和sucha一类的词,也包括here、there、now、then等地点指示词和时间指示词;比较指称关系(comparativereference):比较指称关系中的比较通常可以通过一些具有比较意义的词语如same、as、equal、such、similar、different、other、else等来实现。替代SubstitutionInsubstitution,anitemisreplacedbyanotheritem.替代指的是用替代形式去指上下文所出现的成分。名词性替代(nominalsubstitution):指用替代词one,ones,thesame来取代名词或名词短语;动词性替代(verbalsubstitution):指的是用动词替代词〈通常是do的一定形式〉去替代动词或动词短语;分句性替代(clausalsubstitution):指用替代词〈主要有so和not〉去取代分句。省略EllipsisEllipsisinvolvestheomissionofanitem.Itisthe“substitutionbyzero”.Inotherwords,inellipsis,anitemisreplacedbynothing.省略指篇章中句子或小句中一些基本结构成分的缺省。省略包括名词型省略(Nominalsubstitution)、动词型省略(Verbalellipsis)和小句型省略(Clausalellipsis)。连接ConjunctionConjunctionisarelationshipindicatinghowthesubsequentsentenceorclauseshouldbelinkedtotheprecedingorthefollowingsentenceorpartofasentence.Conjunctioninvolvestheuseofformalmarkers,thatis,conjunctions,torelatesentences,clausestoeachother.连接指用连词、副词、或词组(短语)把两个命题联系起来的手段。词汇衔接LexicalcohesionLexicalcohesiondealswithconnectionsbasedonthewordsused.Itisachievedbyselectionofvocabulary,usingsemanticallycloseitems.Therearetwotypesoflexicalcohesion:reiterationandcollocation.词汇衔接指篇章中的词汇之间存在着的语义联系,通过原词的重复、同义、近义、反义、上下义和整体与部分等关系来实现,可归纳为词的反复和搭配两大类。AnydifferencesintermsofcohesivedevicesusedinChineseandEnglishtexts?汉语没有定冠词,而英语可用定冠词;英语代词用得多,汉语代词用得少;英语人称代词以及相应的限定词的使用率也大大高于汉语。汉译英时,要在适当的地方增加定冠词和代词,特别是物主代词、人称代词。汉语往往可以不用连接词语了表示句间或句内语义关系,依靠句子之间或句内各部分之间的内在逻辑关系达到连结目的,汉语中短语与小句(单句)之间,(复句的)小句与句子之间,句子与更大的单位句群之间,界限也不是截然分明的,而英语中,连接词是使用最频繁的衔接手段。汉译英时则要适当增加关联词语,把原文的这种内在联系揭示出来,以避免句子结构松散或脱节。汉语倾向于用重复手段,英语倾向于用替代手段。汉译英中必要的时候要避免重复,多用代词或其它的形式替代。汉语中最常见的省略是主语的省略,谓语的省略则较少,而英语句子一般不能省略主语,会话英语中省略谓语的现象较多。汉译英时要恰当地添加主语,注意译文句子结构的完整。汉英两种语言的部分语篇衔接手段在使用上各有偏重。Discussion:Commentontwostudents’translation:whoseisbetterinachievingthecohesionofatext?CoherencedevicesUnlikecohesion,coherencereferstotheoverallsenseofunityinapassage.Thesenseisinturnfulfilledthroughacertainstructure,organizationorpatternwithaguidingtopicortheme.Thoughitisnotsoeasytoidentifyascohesion,itwill,afterall,beembodiedanddetectedthroughsomedevicesliketextmarkers,lexicalcoherence,andtextpattern,etc.Textmarkersascoherencedeviceindicatetherelationshipbetweendifferentpartsoftextinthesamewaycohesiveconjunctionsignalscohesion.Theyusuallyinvolvetheuseofconjunctionsaswell.Lexicalcoherencereferstotheroleplayedbytheselectionofvocabularyinorganizingrelationsonthetextlevel.Comparedwithlexicalcohesion,lexicalcoherencecontributestotextualunityinasimilarwaybutworkatrathergloballevels.Thetopicalpatterninvolvesthedividingofatopicintoitscomponentsorlogicalpartsandeachcomponentrepresentsamainsectionofinformation.Fivepatternsoforganizationarechronological,spatial,compare-and-contrast,advantage-disadvantage,cause-effect,problem-solution.Tendenciesintermsofcoherence汉语:意合信息纷杂“画龙点睛”逻辑关系松散先因后果英语:形合信息清晰易懂“开门见山”逻辑关系严谨先果后因篇章的连贯性也是篇章内聚力的体现。它一方面通过篇章标示词如连词和副词来取得,更重要的一方面则取决于各概念或命题之间与主题的语义逻辑上的联系。翻译时除充分利用篇章标示词外,还要特别注意吃透原文,理顺文字底层的联系,译于字里行间,并且要充分注意两种语言在谋篇布局方面的差异,努力再现原文语义结构上的连贯性。SummaryThislecturehasprovidedaglimpseoftheories,evidenceandapplicationsofcohesionandcoherencefromatextualperspectiveandintermsofpedagogicalimplicationsoftheresearch.Thoughcohesionandcoherencearesemanticrelations,theymanifestthemselvesinthiswayorthatbymeansofcertaindevices.Therearesomeoverlapsamongcohesiveandcoherentdevices,especiallyintermsof