有机化学(下)综合练习题解答

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有机化学(下)总复习练习解答1.完成反应式BrNO2(CH3)2CHNH2NHCH(CH3)2NO21)CH3CH3CH3OHNH2NaNO2HCl2)CH3CH3CH3OHN2+Cl-N2CH3CH3CH3OH+背面迁移OCH3CH3CH33)NOHH+NHO4)OHCCH2OHOHOHOH4HIO4HCOOHHCHO4+5)CCH2CHCH2COOEtOCH3CH3EtONaOOCH36)EtONaCOOEtCOOEtCCOOEtO7)OCHOBr+CH2(COOEt)2NOCH=C(COOEt)2Br8)+CH2(COOEt)2EtONaEtONa1,NaOH2,H3O+EtONaOEtO-OOOEtCOOEtOOOCOOEtOOOOOOO9)CHOCl+OONHCHClOO10)+CH3CH2CCHKOHCCCH2CH3HOO11)COOEtCOCH3NaBH4COOEtCHCH3OH12)C2H5COOC2H5+C6H5COOC2H5EtONaC6H5CCHCOOC2H5OCH313)NOHH2SO4NHO14)HIO4OOCH3OHOHCH2OHOHHCOOHOHCOHCOOCH3CH2OH+15)COOH1,SOCl22,CH2N2Ag2OH2OCOCHN2CH2COOHEtONa16)EtOOC(CH2)5COOEtCH2CHCOCH3EtONaEtONaCOOEtOCOOEtOCH2CH2COCH3COOEtO17)CH3OOHPhOHPhCH3H+COCH3OPhPhCH318)CH2CHONaBH4CH2CH2OH19)C6H5COONa+CH2CHCH2BrC6H5COOCH2CH=CH2CH3CH2CH2CHN(CH3)3OH-CH320)CH3CH2CH2CH=CH2+(CH3)3NCHOOHCHCHO(过量)浓KOH21)+CH2OHHOH2C+HCOOK22)(CH3)2CHCOCH3F3CCO3H+H2O2(CH3)2CHOCCH3O23)OCH3ZnHgHClCH324)COOHCHONaBH4COOHCH2OH25)NHOOKOH(s)PhCH2BrH3O+NOO-K+NCH2PhOOOH-CH2NH226)NHOONaOHH2OBr2/NaOHOONH2OHNH2OOH27)OCHO浓KOH,OCH2OHOCOOK+28)SCH3CH3CH2COClAlCl3SCH3COCH2CH329)OCH3CH3+CH3OOCCCCOOCH3OCH3CH3COOCH3COOCH330)NClClCH3ONaCH3OH,OCH3NCl31)+NHC6H5NNNHN=NC6H5+32)H2NNH2+CH2CHCH2OHOHOH2H2SO4As2O3NN33)HOCH2OHOHOHOHCHO3PhNHNH2HOCH2OHOHOHCH=NNHPhNNHPh34)OBr20COBr35)+NH2CH2CHCOCH3ZnCl2NO2NCH336)O+CH3N2ClON=NCH337)CH3CHNH2COOH+FNO2O2NCH3CHNHNO2O2NCOOH38)OOO+CH3NH2300CNHCH3OO2.简单回答下列问题1)正确命名下列化合物:(Z)-3-氯-3-溴丙烯酸;3-氨基环己胺2)判断下列化合物的性质顺序:(1)酸性由强到弱的顺序:CF3CH2OHClCH2COOHClCH2CH2OHCH3CH2OH(2)碱性由强到弱的顺序:NHNNH2NH(3)碱性由强到弱的顺序:NHOONH2CH3CH2CH2NH2CH3CH2CONH2(4)亲电取代反应活性顺序:吡咯〉呋喃〉噻吩〉苯(5)下列化合物在碱性条件下的水解活性顺序:OCOCH3NO2OCOCH3OCOCH3CH3OCOCH3NH2(水解反应是一个亲核取代过程,从电子效应来说,上述化合物中羰基正性越高,水解活性越大)3)说明DMF、THF、DMSO、TsOH各代表什么物质:DMF:N,N-二甲基甲酰胺;THF:四氢呋喃;DMSO:二甲亚砜TsOH:对甲苯磺酸4)由大到小排列下列化合物-H的活性次序:a、CH3COCH3b、CH3COCH2COCH3c、CH3COCH2COOEt解答:CH3COCH2COCH3〉CH3COCH2COOEt〉CH3COCH35)分离下列化合物:a、间甲苯酚b、间甲苯甲酸c、苯甲酸甲酯d、苄胺解答:加入NaOH溶液,间甲苯酚和间甲苯甲酸分别形成酚钠和羧酸盐,溶于水相中,分离。水相中通入CO2,间甲苯酚钠沉淀出来,过滤分离后,滤液中加入盐酸酸化,析出间甲苯甲酸。油相中加入盐酸,苄胺形成盐酸盐,溶于水中,分离出优油相苯甲酸甲酯,水相中加入氢氧化钠溶液,苄胺游离出来,分离,蒸馏得到苄胺。6)由大到小排列下列化合物亲电取代活性顺序:a、吡咯b、吡啶c、苯d、氯苯(acdb)7)由大到小排列下列化合物亲核取代反应的活性顺序:a、乙酰氯b、乙酰胺c、乙酸酐d、乙酸酯(acdb)8)由大到小排列下列构象的稳定性,并注明各是-型还是-型:OOHHOHOOHCH2OHOHOHOOHCH2OHOHab(a:-型;b:-型;稳定性:ab)9)-羟基丙酸加热得到两种互为立体异构体的交酯,试写出他们的构型,并指出那一种具有旋光性。解答:CH3CHCOOHOHCH3CH3HOOOOH2+CH3CH3HOOOOH有对称中心,无旋光性有旋光性10)新配制的-D-(+)葡萄糖溶液的比旋光度是+112,在放置过程中,比旋光度逐步下降,但降至+52.7以后则不在发生变化。而新配制的-D-(+)-葡萄糖溶液的比旋光度为+18.7,经放置后,比旋光度逐步上升,同样至+52.7后即不再变化,试解释原因。解答:葡萄糖结构中有半缩醛羟基,在水溶液中发生变旋现象,形成的平衡体系葡萄糖溶液的比旋光度为+52.711)如何提纯下列化合物乙胺中含少量二乙胺及三乙胺解答:加入苯磺酰氯处理,过滤洗涤得到沉淀物,加入NaOH溶液,乙胺与苯磺酰氯反应形成的苯磺酰胺溶于NaOH溶液,分离出水相,酸化后得到乙胺。12)试解释果糖也有还原性这一事实。解答:果糖在碱性溶液中发生差向异构化,互变异构形成葡萄糖、甘露糖,具有与葡萄糖一样的化学性质(P592)。3.写出下列反应的机理。OOCH3CCHCH2OC2H5ONaOOOHOOCH3C=CHCH2O-OOCH3CCHCH2OOOC2H5ONaCH2CCHCH2OOOH2OOO1)C2H5ONa2)NCH2COOC2H5COOC2H5NCHCOOC2H5COOC2H5NOCOOC2H5OH-NOCOOHHH++Cl-NOH+Cl-CO2CH2NH2OHHNO2H2O3)CH2N2+CH2+N2+4)+H+++HClNaNO2OOHOHOHHOOHH2OOH+H2O5)+H+H+CH3CH2CNHCH3OCH3CH2CNHCH3OH+H2OCH3CH2COHOH2NHCH3+CH3CH2COHOHNHCH3+HCH3CH2COHOH+CH3CH2COHOCH3NH26)用反应机理解释下列反应:6、用反应机理解释以下反应CF3ClNaNH2NH3(l)CF3NH2+CF3NH2主次(苯炔反应机理,见书本P243)7)CO2CH3OC2H51,C2H5ONa2,HAcCOCH3CH2COC2H5O+C2H5OH(酯缩合反应,见书本P507)4.有机合成(无机原料任选)H+CH2C2H5OHCH2COOC2H51)HBrROORCH2BrNaCNDMSOCH2CN2)OOHKMnO4OH-OOOH-H+OZnHgHClH+3)CH3CCHCHCH3OOCOOCH3OHEtONaEtONaCOOEtOCOOEtOCHCH2COCH3CH3OCOOCH34)对下列化合物进行逆合成分析(要求推出基本原料)OO(1)OOOOOO+OC2H5OOO+CH2(COOC2H5)2C6H5COOH(2)+C6H5COOHCHO(CH3CO)2O+CH3COCH3CH3CCH3OHCOHCH3CH3COOC2H5C6H5CH3O(3)++OCOOC2H5CH3OOCOOC2H5OOC2H5OCH3COOC2H5OOCOOEt(4)++COOC2H5OCOOC2H5OCH2COOC2H5COOC2H5CH3COCH2COOC2H5CH3COCH3PhCOOH(5)+PhCOOHOOHMgBrO5)利用苯、乙酸和HCN为原料合成:COCH3CH3COOHP2O5(CH3CO)2OAlCl3HCNCH3CCNOH(CH3CO)2O6)利用CH3COCH=CH2以及不超过3个碳的原料合成4-甲基-γ-丁内酯CH3COCH=CH2OOCOOHOHCOOHOHBrROORCH3COCH2CH2BrCH3OHHClCH3CCH2CH2BrOCH3CH3ONaCNH+H2ONaBH4H+7)由苯合成1,2,3,5-四溴苯:Br2FeHNO3H2SO4NaNO2HClNO2NH2HBrCu2Br2BrBrBrNH2BrBrBrBr8)由甲苯合成对溴苯胺:Br2FeKMnO4CH3CH3BrCOOHBrNH3CONH2BrBr2NaOHNH2Br9)由环戊二烯,丙烯酸酯及丙酮合成:CH3COCH3OOCOOC2H5+COOC2H5LDATHFCH3ICOOC2H5CH3OH-H+H2OKMnO4OH-OHOHH+10)以醛为原料合成:+OH-H+CHOCCH2OHCH2OHCH2OHHOCH2CH3CHOHCHO3CCHOCH2OHCH2OHHOCH2HCHOOH-浓稀OOOO11)完成下列转化:H+ONaBH4OH++H+12)由己二酸及2个碳的原料合成2-乙基环戊酮:OH-H+H2OH+OCOOHHOOCC2H5OHCOOC2H5H5C2OOCC2H5ONaCOOC2H5OC2H5ONaCH3CH2BrCOOC2H5OCH2CH313)从环己烯以及5个碳以下的原料合成:OH+OH-H+H2OH+OCOOHHOOCC2H5OHCOOC2H5H5C2OOCC2H5ONaCOOC2H5OC2H5ONaCH3BrCOOC2H5OCH3KMnO4H+C2H5ONaOOOH-O14)由不超过3个碳的有机原料及乙酰乙酸乙酯合成:H+CH3CCH2COC2H5OOC2H5ONaOH-OCH3CCHCOC2H5OOCHCH2CCCH2BrHCCH3CCH2CH2COCHOHHOH+NaNH2CH3ICH3CCH2CH2CCCH3OOH2,Pd/CaCO3PbOH2O,H+15)由甲苯合成邻甲基苯甲酸H2O,H+CH3FeHClCuCNHClNaNO2HNO3H2SO4CH3NO2CH3NH2CH3CNCH3COOH16)以苯为原料合成:FeHClHClNaNO2HNO3H2SO4NO2NNNCH3CH3HO3SNH2H2SO4NH2SO3HN2+Cl-SO3HN(CH3)2pH=3~517)由不超过6个碳的有机原料合成8-羟基喹啉(由邻氨基苯酚为起始原料,具体见P640,合成步骤。。。略)18)由乙酰乙酸乙酯及其它有机原料合成:OHPhPhOOC2H5OOHClH+H2OOC2H5OOOOHOHPhMgBr无水乙醚19)由苯及2个碳以下的原料合成:PhPhOAcH+C2H5OHH+H2O无水乙醚PhPhOHHCOOC2H5PhCH2CH2MgBrPhPhOCOC2H5Br2FeMgO无水乙醚MgBrH+H2OCH2CH2OHMg无水乙醚PBr320)由6个碳以下的原料合成扩瞳剂:N(CH3)2OOPhOHC2H5ONaH++OH+H2ON(CH3)2OOPhOHOOHOPhOHPhOHCNPhCH2CN+(CH3)NHHOCH2CH2N(CH3)2HOCH2CH2N(CH3)25.结构推导1)化合物A的分子式为C15H15NO,A不溶于水,与NaOH溶液一起回流,产生油状物浮在液面,用水蒸汽蒸馏将此油状物蒸出,分液得到化

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