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第十章习题解1.写出乙醛与下列试剂反应后，生成产物的构造式。解：(1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)2.写出苯甲醛与上题中各试剂反应后产物的构造式，如不发生反应请标明。解：(1)不反应(2)(3)不反应(4)(5)不反应(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)3.将下列各组化合物与HCN反应的活性顺序由大到小排列。解：(1)(2)4.用化学方法鉴别下列各组化合物。解：(1)CNCH3CHOHCH3CHOOSO3NaCH3CHOHCNCH3CHOHNHNO2O2NCH3CHNCH3CHCHCHOCH3CH2OHCH3CH2OHCH3COOHCH2CHCH2CH2CH2CH3OHO(CH2OH)3CCHCHOONHNO2O2NNCHCH2OHCH2OHCOOHOHCHCH2CH2CH2CH3CH2OHHCOOH(2)5.甲基烷基酮和芳醛在碱催化时的羟醛缩合是在甲基处，而在酸催化时是在亚甲基处。解：根据羟醛缩合反应机理，在碱催化下，进攻试剂是负离子，-CH2COCH2CH3比稳定。在酸催化下，进攻试剂是烯醇，CH3C(OH)=CHCH3比H2C=C(OH)CH2CH3稳定。6.由乙醛和丙酮及必要的试剂制备下列化合物。解：(1)(2)(3)(B)(A)+HCOHOHCH++H+HCOHCHOOHOHCH2=CCH2CH3CH3C=CHCH3(B)(A)CH3COCH2CH3CHOCHOCH=CCOCH3CH3CH=CHCOCH2CH3-CH3COCHCH3-CH2COCH2CH3-OHCH3COCH2CH3主主主主主主主主-CH3COCHCH3CH3CHONaOHCH3CHCHCHOCH3CH2OHCH3CHCHCH(OC2H5)2CH3CO3HCH3CHOCHCH(OC2H5)222(4)7.由指定原料合成下列化合物（必要的无机及有机试剂任选）。解：(1)(2)(3)(4)CH3CCH3OBa(OH)2CH3CCH2CCH3OCH3OHCHCCH3(CH3)2COCHCCH3(CH3)2COOOO(CH3)2CHCH2CCH3(CH3)2CHCH2CCH3O(CH3)2CHCH2COOH(CH2OH)2OH2NiH3OI2,NaOH2+BrHROORBr(5)(6)(7)(8)8.完成下列反应式：解：(1)AB(2)AB(3)(4)(5)ABCDE(6)CH3CH3CH3CHONHNO2O2NCH3CH2CNCH3(CH3)3CCH2OHHCOOHCH3CHCH2CHOOHCH3CHCHCHOK2Cr2O7,H2SO4CH3CHCH2CH3CNOHCNHOOOCNC=NMgBrC2H5OOC2H5C=OOOOHC2H5C=OCHCHCHONaBH4CHCHCH2OHPCl3CHCHCH2ClCHCHCH2ClBrBrBr2CCl4(7)(8)(9)ABC(10)9.A的分子式应该是C6H12O解：该化合物的构造式为：CH3CH2COCH(CH3)210.解：(A)或11.解：(A)(B)(C)(D)12.按指定原料合成下列化合物，无机试剂任选：解：(A)(B)(C)OCH2CCH3OHOHCH2CHCH3OHCH2CH2CH3OHOCH2CCH3CH3OPh3PCH2CH3Br+_Ph3PCHCH3CH3CHCHCCHCH3CH3CHOOCH3CHCH2COCNC6H5CH2CH3