第一课一.Itisalsoimportanttoconsiderhowthedesignprocessfitswithallfunctionsthatmusthappentodeliverasatisfactoryproducttothecustomerandtoservicetheproductthroughoutitslifecycle.考虑设计过程如何,满足所有功能也是很重要的,这些功能必须恰好把满意的产品交给顾客,并在整个产品的生命周期内服务该产品。二.Suchasgears,beltdrives,chaindrives,shafts,bearings,keys,splines,couplings,sesls,springs,connections(bolted,riveted,welded,adhesive),electricmotors,linear,motiondevices,clutches,andbrakes例如齿轮,传送带,链传动,轴,轴承,键,花键,联轴器,密封圈,弹簧,连接件(螺栓、铆钉、焊接、胶黏剂),电动机,线型的,动力装置,离合器和制动。三.Functionstelluswhatthedevicemustdo,usinggeneral,nonquantitativestatementsthatemployactionphrasessuchas“tosupportaload”,“liftacrate”,”totransmitpower”,or“toholdtwostructuralmemberstogether”,etc.有的功能告诉我们一些装置必须做的事,用大体的,非定量的声明那些使用行动的词组,例如:“支撑一个载体”,“抬起一个箱子”,“传动能量”,或者“把两种构件结合在一起”等。第二课四、Tools,knives,chisels,andmanyagriculturalimplementcomponentsareamongtheseuses.有的功能告诉我们一些装置必须做的事,用大体的,非定量的声明那些使用行动的词组,例如:“支撑一个载体”,“抬起一个箱子”,“传动能量”,或者“把两种构件结合在一起”等。五、Thesealloysarenonmagneticandaretypicallyusedinfoodprocessingequipment.这些合金是没有磁性的和典型的用于食品加工装备。第三课六、Thermosettingplasticsdoundergosomechangesduringformingandresultinastructureinwhichthemoleculesarecross-linkedandformedanetworkofinterconnectedmolecules.Somedesignersrecommendtheterms“linear”and“cross-linked”inplaceofthemorefamiliarthermoplasticandthermosetting.成型期间,热固性塑料结构的确要发生一些改变,造成分子交叉链接,分子之间形成一种网络。一些设计者介绍术语“线形”和“网状型”来代替更为熟悉的热塑性和热固性。七、Thematrixservestoholdthefillerinafavorableorientationwhichisrelativetothemannerofloadandtodistributetheloadstothefiller.基料的作用在于使填充料在相对于载荷保持有利的定位,并将载荷分散到填充料上。第四课(必考)八、Gearsaretoothed,cylindricalwheelsusedfortransmittingmotionandpowerfromonerotatingshafttoanother,Theteethofadrivinggearmeshaccuratelyinthespacesbetweenteethonthedrivengear.Thedrivingteethpushonthedriventeeth,exertingaforceperpendiculartotheradiusofthegear.Thus,atorqueistransmitted,andbecausethegearisrotating,powerisalsotransmitted.齿轮是有齿的,圆柱型的轮子,用把运动和能量从一个轴传递到另一个轴,主动轮的齿准确啮合在从动轮的轮齿之间。主动轮的齿推动从动轮的齿,产生一个垂直于齿轮半径的力矩。因此,可以传输扭矩,并且由于齿轮的旋转、还能传递能量。九、Aninvolutecurvebytakingacylinderandwrappingastringarounditscircumferencecanbeseen。Tieapenciltotheendofthestring,Thenstartwiththepenciltightagainstthecylinder,andholdthestringtautMovethepencilawayfromthecylinderwhilekeepingthestringtaut,Thecurvedrawedisaninvolute.用一个圆柱体和包在它表面的一条线可以演示一条渐开线曲线的生成。在绳子的末端绑个铅笔,把绳子紧绕在圆柱体上到铅笔紧靠近其表面,然后拉紧绳子使铅笔远离缸,画得的曲线就是一条渐开线。十、Onhelicalgears,theteethareinclinedatananglewiththeaxis,thatanglebeingcalledthehelixangle.Ifthegearwasverywide,itinacontinuous,helicalpath.对斜齿圆柱齿轮,轮齿与轴有一定的角度,这个角被称为螺旋角。如果齿轮很宽,轮齿会延一个连续的、螺旋路径。十一、Toachievethisarrangement,itisrequiredthatonegearshouldbeoftheright-handdesignandthattheotherbeleft-handwithanequalhelixangle.Ifbothgearsinmeshareofthesamehand,theshaftswillbeat90degreestoeachother.Suchgearsarecalledcrossedhelicalgears.为了实现这一安排,这就要求我们一个齿轮应设计为右旋,另一个是有相同螺旋角的左旋的。如果两个啮合的齿轮是相同的旋向,轴将会相互成90度。这种被称为交错轴斜齿轮。第六课十二、Thecomponentsofatypicalrollingcontactbearingaretheinnerrace,theouterrace,andtherollingelements.滚动轴承的典型结构是内圈,外圈,滚动体。十三、Theaxialcomponentsoftheforcesonhelicalgears,wormsandwormgears,andbevelgearsarethrustloads.在斜齿轮,涡轮蜗杆和锥齿轮上受的轴向力为推力。十四、Theinnerraceistypicallypressedontheshaftatthebearingseatwithaslightinterferencefittoensurethatthatitrotateswiththeshaft.轴承内圈和轴是典型的,有轻微的过盈配合,压在轴承座以确保它饶轴转动。第七课十五、Somedesignerspreferflatbeltsfordelicatemachinerybecausethebeltwillslipifthetorquetendstorisetoalevelhighenoughtodamagethemachine.一些设计师喜欢把平皮带用在精密机械上,因为如果扭矩趋于上升到一个高等级,会损坏机器时,皮带可以滑动。第一课Marketingprofessionalsareoftenemployedtomanagethedefinitionofcustomerexpectations,butdesignerswilllikelyworkwiththemasapartofaproductdevelopmentteam.经常请市场专业人员来对顾客期望进行评定,但设计人员却很可能作为产品开发小组的一部分与市场专业人员一起合作。Onepopularmethod,calledqualityfunctiondeploymentorQFD,seeks(1)toidentifyallofthefeaturesandperformancefactorsthatcustomerdesireand(2)toassesstherelativeimportanceofthesefactors.一种通用的方法,称为质量功能展开(简称QFD),寻求识别顾客期望的所有特征和性能因素,并用于评定这些因素之间的相对重要性。Iiisalsoimportanttoconsiderhowthedesignprocessfitswithallfunctionsthatmusthappentodeliverasatisfactoryproducttothecustomerandtoservicetheproductthroughoutitslifecycle.考虑设计过程如何满足所有功能也是很重要的。这些功能必须恰好把满意的产品交给顾客,并在整个产品的生命周期内服务该产品。Section1emphasizedtheimportanceofcarefullyidentifyingtheneedsandexpectationsofthecustomerpriortobeginningthedesignofamechanicaldevice.在第一部分强调了在开始设计机械装置之前仔细地了解顾客要求与期望的重要性。第二课Theotherelementsaffecthardenability,toughness,corrosionresistance,machinability,andstrengthretentionathightemperatures.其他元素影响硬度,韧性,防腐蚀性,可加工性以及高温下强度保持性。Althoughmoststeelalloyscontainlessthan1.0%carbon,itisincludedinthedesignationbecauseofitseffectonthepropertiesofsteel.尽管大多是合金钢中碳的含量不足1.0%,但由于它会影响钢的特性,因此,合金钢的牌号中要包含碳的含量。Whereasmostusesoftoolsteelsarerelatedtothefieldofmanufacturingengineering,theyarealsopertinenttomachinedesignwheretheabilitytomaintainakeenedgeunderabrasiveconditionsisrequired.尽管大部分工具钢都用在与制造工程相关的领域,然而,在腐蚀环境下,需要保持边缘锋利时,也与机床设计有关。Also,sometoolsteelshaveratherhighshockresistancewhichmaybedesirableinmachinecomponentssuchaspartsformechanicalclutches,pawls,blades,guidesformovingmaterialsandclamps.同样,一些工具钢也具有比较高的抗冲击能力,这种抗冲击能