第七章力学性质一、学习目的对于工程师来说,了解不同的材料力学性质如何被测量以及这些性质所代表的内容,是他们的职责所在。他们可能会被要求应用预先规定的材料进行结构或者组分设计,从而使得这些材料不会发生可承受之外的变形或者断裂。二、本章的主要内容1.定义工程应力与工程应变。2.陈述Hooke定律,并且指出保证定律有效所遵循的条件。3.定义泊松比。4.已知工程应力-应变曲线图,确定(a)弹性模量;(b)屈服强度(残余应变0.002时);(c)拉伸强度;(d)估算延伸百分比。5.对于一个延性柱体样品的拉伸形变,描述样品直至断裂的剖面的变化过程。6.对于一个承受张力并直至断裂的材料,根据其延展百分比与面积还原率来计算材料的延展度。7.根据三点负荷法,计算陶瓷棒弯曲至断裂的弯曲强度。8.描绘出聚合物材料中所观察到的三种典型应力-应变特性的示意图。9.给出两种最常见的硬度测量技术,并指出二者的不同。10.(a)指出并简要描述两种不同的显微硬度测量技术;(b)列举这些技术一般被应用的情况。11.计算延展性材料的工作应力。三、重要术语和概念Anelasticity:滞弹性Inmostengineeringmaterials,elasticdeformationwillcontinueafterthestressapplication,anduponloadreleasesomefinitetimeisrequiredforcompleterecovery.Thistime-dependentelasticbehaviorisknownasanelasticity.应力施加后,大多数工程材料弹性形变都会持续,并且撤去加载,样品的完全回复也需要一定的时间。这种与时间相关的弹性行为称为滞弹性。Designstress:设计应力Forstaticsituationsandwhenductilematerialsareused,designstress,σd,istakenasthecalculatedstresslevelσc(onthebasisoftheestimatedmaximumload)multipliedbyadesignfactor,N',thatisσd=N'σc,whereN'isgreaterthanunity.对于静态条件以及延展性材料的情况下,设计应力σd是计算的应力σc(即估算的最大载荷)乘以一个设计因子N',即σd=N'σc,其中N'大于1。Ductility:延伸度Ductilityisameasureofthedegreeofplasticdeformationthathasbeensustainedatfracture.延伸度是指材料在断裂时发生的塑性形变程度的量度。Elasticdeformation:弹性形变Deformationinwhichstressandstrainareproportionaliscalledelasticdeformation.Elasticdeformationisnonpermanent,whichmeansthatwhentheappliedloadisreleased,thepiecereturnstoitsoriginalshape.应力与应变成正比关系的形变称为弹性形变。弹性形变是非永久性的,即撤去加载后,样品可恢复初始的形状。Elasticrecovery:弹性回复Elasticrecoverymeansthatwhentheappliedloadisreleased,thepiecereturnstoitsoriginalshape.弹性回复是指当样品所受应力撤销后,其完全回复到初始形状的现象。Elastomer:弹性体Elastomerisaclassofpolymerswhosedeformationdisplayedbystrain-stresscurveistotallyelastic,i.e.,largerecoverablestrainsproducedatlowstresslevels.弹性体是聚合物的一个种类,它的应力-应变曲线表明其变形是完全弹性的,即很低的应力变化就会产生很大的可回复应变。Engineeringstrain:工程应变Engineeringstrainεisdefinedaccordingtoε=(li-l0)/l0=Δl/l0,inwhichl0istheoriginallengthbeforeanyloadisapplied,andliistheinstantaneouslength.Sometimesthequantityli-l0isdenotedasΔl,andisthedeformationelongationorchangeinlengthatsomeinstant,asreferencedtotheoriginallength.Engineeringstrainisunitless.工程应变ε由方程ε=(li-l0)/l0=Δl/l0定义,这里l0是样品加载前的初始长度,li是加载瞬间的长度,有时li-l0也用Δl来表示,即代表与初始长度相比较,某一时刻样品形变的延长率或长度的变化。工程应变是没有单位的。Engineeringstress:工程应力Engineeringstressσisdefinedbytherelationshipσ=F/A0,inwhichFistheinstantaneousloadappliedperpendiculartothespecimencrosssection,inunitsofnewtons(N),andA0istheoriginalcross-sectionalareabeforeanyloadisapplied(m2).Theunitsofengineeringstressaremegapascals,MPa.工程应力σ的定义为σ=F/A0,这里F是加载在垂直样品横截面的瞬间载荷,单位为牛顿,A0是加载前样品的初始横截面积(单位m2),工程应力单位为MPa。Flexuralstrength:抗弯强度Forthebrittleceramicmaterials,flexuralstrengthsaredeterminedbythestressatfractureintransversebendingtests.对脆性陶瓷材料来说,抗弯强度即为横向弯曲试验中样品断裂时的应力。Hardness:硬度Hardnessisameasureoftheresistancetolocalizeplasticdeformation.硬度是材料抵抗局部塑性形变的量度。Modulusofelasticity:弹性模量Formostmetalsthatarestressedintensionandatrelativelylowlevels,stressandstrainareproportionaltoeachotherthroughtherelationshipσ=Eε.ThisisknownasHooke’slaw,andtheconstantofproportionalityE(GPa)isthemodulusofelasticity,orYoung’smodulus.大多数金属在较低的拉力作用下,应力和应变成正比关系,可表达为σ=Eε,这就是胡克定理,比例常数E(GPa)就是弹性模量,或杨氏模量。Plasticdeformation:塑性形变Asthematerialisdeformedbeyondthestrainthatelasticdeformationpersists,thestressisnolongerproportionaltostrain,andpermanent,nonrecoverable,orplasticdeformationoccurs.当材料的形变超出弹性形变发生的范围,其应力将不再与应变成正比,永久的、不可回复的形变发生,即为塑性形变。Poisson’sratio:泊松比Poisson’sratiorepresentsthenegativeratiooftransverseandlongitudinalstrains.泊松比的定义为样品横向应变与轴向应变的相反数。Proportionallimit:比例极限Formetalsthatexperiencethegradualelastic-plastictransition,thepointofyieldingisdeterminedastheinitialdeparturefromlinearityofthestress-straincurveandthisissometimescalledtheproportionallimit.对于金属逐步的弹塑性形变转变,其屈服点确定为应力-应变曲线非线性关系的开始,这个点也被称为比例极限。Resilience:弹性Resilienceisthecapacityofamaterialtoabsorbenergyduringelasticdeformation.弹性是指材料在弹性形变中吸收能量的能力。Safestress:安全应力Safestressisbasedontheyieldingstrengthofthematerialandisdefinedastheyieldstrengthdividedbyafactorofsafety,N,orσw=σy/N.安全应力是基于材料的屈服强度,它定义为屈服强度除以一个安全因子N,或σw=σy/N。Tensilestrength:抗拉强度Tensilestrengthcorrespondstothemaximumtensilestressthatmaybesustainedbyaspecimen.抗拉强度是指样品可能承受的最大拉伸应力。Toughness:韧性Toughnessisameasureoftheabilityofamaterialtoabsorbenergyuptofracture.韧性是指材料在断裂前所能吸收能量的量度.Truestrain:真应变TruestainεTisdefinedbyεT=ln(li/l0),inwhichl0istheoriginallengthbeforeanyloadisapplied,andliistheinstantaneouslength.真应变εT的定义为εT=ln(li/l0),其中l0是样品加载前的初始长度,li是瞬间长度。Truestress:真应力TruestressσTisdefinedastheloadFdividedbytheinstantaneouscross-sectionalareaAioverwhichdeformationisoccurring,orσT=F/Ai.真应力σT定义为形变发生时,载荷F与瞬间横截面积Ai的比值,或者σT=F/Ai。Yielding:屈服Formetals,thephenomenonofyieldingoccursattheonsetofplasticorpermanentdeformation.金属的屈服是指塑性或者永久形变开始发生的现象。Yieldstrength:屈服强度Yieldingstrengthisindicativeofthestressatwhichplasticdeformationbegins.屈服强度是指塑性形变开始发生时的应力。四、主要例题、习题的分析例7.1一个铜板最初长度为305nm,受到276MPa的应力的拉伸,假如发生的形变是完全弹性的,则伸长量最终为多少?解:因为形变是弹性的,根据公式7.5,应变与应力有关,更进一步说,通过公式7.2ε=(li-l0)/l0=Δl/l0,伸长值Δl与初始长度l0有关。结合这两个表达式,可以解得Δl有:EllEllE00)(σ和l0的