心理学研究.

Chapter1IntroductiontoPsychology参考书作者：[美]格里格，津巴多著，王垒，王甦等译出版社：人民邮电出版社出版时间：2003-10-1《心理学与生活》（PsychologyandLife）是美国斯坦福大学多年来使用的教材，也是美国许多大学里推荐使用的经典教材，被ETS推荐为GRE心理学专项考试的重要参考书，也是被许多国家大学的“普通心理学”（GeneralPsychology）课程选用的优秀教材。日前，该书第16版由北京大学心理学系的18位教授、副教授参与翻译，由人民邮电出版社出版了中文版，并被列入“教育部高等教育学校心理学教学知道委员会推荐用书”。这本书除了作为教材之外，因其贴近生活、深入实践的风格，使它成为一般大众了解心理学和理解人性、提高自身全面素质的通俗读物。Considerthefollowingtenstatements.Whichofthemdoyouthinkarecorrect?Geniusesusuallyhavepoorsocialadjustment.Sparetherodandspoilthechild.Apersonwithschizophreniahasatleasttwodistinctpersonalities.Ifyouarehavingtroublesleeping,thebestwaytogettosleepistotakeasleepingpill.Oncepeoplereacholdage,theirleisureactivitieschangeradically.Satisfiedworkersaremoreproductivethandissatisfiedworkers.Mostpeoplewouldrefusetogivepainfulelectricshockstoothers.People’slookshavelittletodowithhowmuchtheyareliked.Children’sIQscoresarerelatedonlyminimallytotheirschoolperformance.HowwillyoutranslatethefollowingitemsintoEnglish?心理Mind心理的Mental心理学psychologyAmericanpsychologyAssociation(APA)AmericanPsychologySociety(APS)Psychology=“Psyche”+“Logos”psyche:mind,soullogos:study,discusspsychology:studyofthemindScientificDefinitionofPsychologyThescientificstudyofbehaviorandmentalprocesses.WhatisPsychologyabout?AscholarlydisciplinetounderstandhumanbehaviorAnapplieddisciplinetosolvepracticalproblemsinhumansocietyPsychologyasaScholarlyDisciplineBiopsychologyAbranchofpsychologythatspecializesinthebiologicalbasesofbehaviorandfocusesontheoperationofthebrainandnervoussystem.ExperimentalpsychologyAbranchofpsychologyasoneofthenaturalsciences,investigatingitusingtheexperimentalmethods.Thefocusofexperimentalpsychologyisondiscoveringtheunderlyingprocessesbehindbehaviorandthespecificnatureofmentallife.CognitivepsychologyAbranchofpsychologythatfocusedonthestudyofhighermentalprocesses,includingthinking,language,memory,problemsolving,knowing,reasoning,judginganddecisionmaking.PsychologyasaScholarlyDisciplineDevelopmentalpsychologyAbranchofpsychologythatstudieshowpeoplegrowandchangethroughoutthecourseoftheirlivesPersonalitypsychologyAbranchofpsychologythatexplainsbothconsistencyandchangeinaperson’sbehaviorovertime,aswellastheindividualtraitsthatdifferentiatethebehaviorofonepersonfromanotherwhenconfrontingthesamesituationSocialpsychologyAbranchofpsychologythatstudieshowpeople’sthoughts,feelingsandactionsareaffectedbyothersComparativePsychologyAbranchofpsychologythatattemptstounderstandbehaviorbyexaminingpatternsacrossdifferentspeciesPsychologyasanAppliedDisciplineEducationalpsychologyAbranchofpsychologythatconsidershowtheeducationalprocessaffectsstudentsSchoolpsychologyAspecialtyareadevotedtoassessingchildreninelementaryandsecondschoolswhohaveacademicoremotionalproblemsanddevelopingsolutionstosuchproblemsClinicalpsychologyAbranchofpsychologythatdealswiththestudy,diagnosisandtreatmentofabnormalbehaviorCounselingpsychologyAbranchofpsychologythatfocusesprimarilyoneducational,socialandcareeradjustmentproblemsPsychologyasanAppliedDisciplineIndustrial-organizationalpsychologyAbranchofpsychologythatconcernswiththepsychologyoftheworkplaceConsumerpsychologyAbranchofpsychologythatanalyzespeople’sbuyinghabitsandtheeffectsofadvertisingonbuyingbehaviorEnvironmentalpsychologyAbranchofpsychologythatconsiderstherelationshipbetweenpeopleandtheirphysicalenvironmentForensicpsychologyAbranchofpsychologythatfocusesonlegalissuesTheHistoryofPsychologyPsychologydevelopedfromthreemainareasofstudyphilosophybiologyphysicsTheBirthofPsychologyThefirst“Psychologist”wasWilhelmWundt(冯特）(1832-1920).Hebelievedthatallthings,includingthemind,couldbestudiedscientifically.Histextbook“PrinciplesofPhysiologicalPsychology”in1879wasthefirsteverPsychologytextbookResearchMethodsofPsychologyReadthefollowingstatementsStudents’performanceisrelatedtopractice.Happinessisrelatedtoeating.Healthisrelatedtoexercises.TheyareallTHEORIESconcerningphenomenonofinterest.Students’performancewillimprovewithpracticesEatingchocolatewillincreasehappinessTakingregularexercisewilldecreaseriskofheartdiseaseTheyareallHYPOTHESEStobeprovedTRUEorFALSE.ProcessofScientificMethodsIdentifyquestionofinterestDeveloptheoryBroadexplanationandpredictionsconcerningphenomenonofinterestFormhypothesisApredictionstatedinawaythatallowsittobetestedTesthypothesisRefinetheoryThecolorofdog’sfurisrelatedtoitstoprunningspeedWhysomedogsrunfasterthanothers?RacinggreyhoundswithgrayfurrunSLOWERthannon-greygreyhoundsRecordtopspeedandfurcolorofmanydifferentgreyhoundsandanalysesthedataDothedatasupportthetheory?Revisethetheorytobetterfitthedata.OperationalizationTheprocessoftranslatingahypothesisintospecifictestableproceduresthatcanbemeasuredandobservedFromtheorytohypothesisThecolorofdog’sfurisrelatedtoitstoprunningspeedRacinggreyhoundswithgrayfurrunSLOWERthannon-greygreyhoundsMajorResearchMethodsofPsychologyExperimentalmethodsNon-experimentalmethodsArchivalresea