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Objectives1.保险在外贸业务中的重要性2.国际贸易中的主要险种3.涉及保险的商业信函的撰写通过本章的学习，帮助学生掌握:Humanbeingsaresubjecttovariousunpredictablerisks—riskofdeathordisabilityduetonaturaloraccidentalcauses,riskoflossofordamagetoone’sproperty,etc.Riskhastheelementofunpredictability,butlossescanbemitigatedthroughinsurance.Therearemanytypesofinsuranceproductsavailableforlifeandnon-life—propertyinsurance,lifeinsurance,liabilityinsurance,bondinsurance,tonamejustafew.Cargoinsurancebelongstopropertyinsurance.Cargoinsurancecoversphysicaldamagetoorlossofyourgoodswhilstintransitbyland,seaandairandoffersconsiderableopportunitiesandcostadvantagesifmanagedproperly.Itbringsthepotentiallossofordamagetogoodsintocostandtheinsurer,onthebasisofapremiumreceived,undertakestoindemnifytheinsuredagainstlossfromcertainrisksorperilstowhichthecargoinsuredmaybeexposed.Cargoinsurancehasbecomeamustininternationaltrade.Withoutit,internationaltradecannotbeguaranteed.OverviewWhatisthepurposeofinsurance?houseagainstfire.•Youcaninsureyourcaragainstaccident/theft.noseagainstharm.lifeinsurance.healthinsurance.•Youcaneffectaendowmentinsurance.养老保险accidentinsurance.burglaryandrobberyinsurance.InsuranceContract(保险合同)1.Definition(1)保险合同是投保人与保险人约定保险权利义务关系的协议Aninsurancecontractisanagreementwherebytheinsurancerightsandobligationsarespecifiedandagreedbytheapplicantandtheinsurer.(2)投保人——theapplicant是指与保险人订立保险合同，并按照保险合同负有支付保险费义务的人。Anapplicantreferstothepartywhoentersintoaninsurancecontractwithaninsurerandisobligatedtopaythepremiumsundertheinsurancecontract.(3)保险人——theinsurer是指与投保人订立保险合同，并承担赔偿或者给付保险金责任的保险公司。Aninsurerreferstotheinsurancecompanywhichentersintoaninsurancecontractwithanapplicantandisobligatedtomakeindemnityorpaymentsoftheinsurancebenefits.(4)被保险人——theinsured被保险人是指其财产或者人身受保险合同保障，享有保险金请求权的人，投保人可以为被保险人。Theinsuredreferstoanyonewhosepropertyorpersonisprotectedbytheinsurancecontractandwhoisentitledtoclaimforcompensation.Anapplicantmaybetheinsured.(5)保险标的——Thesubjectmatter保险标的是指作为保险对象的财产及其有关利益或者人的寿命和身体。Thesubjectmatteroftheinsurancereferseithertothepropertyoftheinsuredandrelatedinterestsassociatedtherewith,ortothelifeandthebodyoftheinsured,whichistheobjectoftheinsurance.(6)保险利益——insurableinterest保险利益是指投保人对保险标的具有的法律上承认的利益。Aninsurableinterestreferstotheinterestwhichtheapplicanthasinthesubjectmatteroftheinsuranceandisrecognizedbylaws.(7)保险事故——insuredevent保险事故是指保险合同约定的保险责任范围内的事故。Aninsuredeventreferstoaneventfallingwithinthescopeofcoverundertheinsurancecontract.(8)保险金额——theinsuredsum保险金额是指保险人承担赔偿或者给付保险金责任的最高限额。Thesuminsuredreferstothemaximumamountwhichtheinsurerundertakestoindemnifyorpayunderitsinsuranceobligation.(10)保险费——thepremium保险费是指投保人向保险人支付的保险合同规定的费用。Thepremiumreferstothechargethattheapplicantpaystotheinsurerasspecifiedintheinsurancecontract.(11)保险价值——insuredvalue保险价值是指保险标的的保险价值，保险价值可以由投保人和保险人约定并在合同中载明，也可以按照保险事故发生时保险标的的实际价值确定。Theinsuredvalueofthesubjectmatteroftheinsurancemaybeagreedbytheapplicantandtheinsurer,andspecifiedinthecontract;oritmaybeassessedbasedontheactualvalueofthesubjectmatteroftheinsuranceatthetimeoftheoccurrenceoftheinsuredevent.FundamentalPrinciplesofCargoesInsurance（保险的基本原则）(1)保险利益原则——Theinsurableinterest投保人对保险标的应当具有保险利益。Anapplicantshallhaveaninsurableinterestinthesubjectmatteroftheinsurance.投保人对保险标的不具有保险利益的，保险合同无效。Aninsurancecontractisnullandvoidiftheapplicanthasnoinsurableinterestinthesubjectmatteroftheinsurance.(2)最大诚信原则——TheUtmostGoodFaith订立保险合同，保险人应当向投保人说明保险合同的条款内容，并可以就保险标的或者被保险人的有关情况提出询问，投保人应当如实告知。Theinsurershall,priortotheconclusionofaninsurancecontract,explainthecontracttermsandconditionstotheapplicantandmayinquireaboutthesubjectmatteroftheinsuranceorpersontobeinsured.Theapplicantshallmakeafullandaccuratedisclosure.(3)赔偿原则——Indemnity保险金额不得超过保险价值；超过保险价值的，超过的部分无效。Thesuminsuredshallnotexceedtheinsuredvalueofthesubjectmatteroftheinsurance,andanyportionexceedingtheinsuredvalueofthesubjectmatteroftheinsuranceisnullandvoidasamatteroflaw.TwoSubsidiaryPrinciplesUndertheindemnityprinciple,therearetwosub-principles:1)Contribution(分摊)2)Subrogation(代位追偿)4.TheDoctrineofProximateCause(近因原则)•风险：risks,perilstotalloss•损失：lossesparticularaveragepartialloss(单独海损）generalaverage（共同海损）•险别：risks,perils,coverages保险公司按照不同险别包括的风险所造成的损失和发生的费用承担赔偿责任，所以在保险业务中风险、损失和险别三者有着紧密的联系，为此，我们对保险公司所能承保的风险与损失的种类和内容必须有准确的理解。ScopeofCoverageRisksLossesExpensesPerilsoftheseaExtraneousrisksNaturalcalamityFortuitousaccidentsGeneralextraneousrisksSpecialextraneousrisksTotallossPartialLossActualtotallossConstructivetotallossGeneralaverageParticularaverageSueandlaborexpensesSalvagechargesRisksandLossesinCargoTransportInmarinecargotransportinsurance,risksfallinto:1.PerilsoftheSea海上风险1)NaturalCalamity自然灾害(theperilsunderforcemajeuresuchasvileweather,thunderstormandlightening,earthquake,flood,etc.)2)FortuitousAccidents意外事故(riskssuchasshipstranding,strikingupontherocks,shipsinking,shipcollision,fire,explosion,etc.)2.ExtraneousRisks外来风险1)GeneralExtraneousRisks一般外来风险(riskscausedbytheft,rain,leakage,shortage,dampness,heating,hooking,rusting,etc.)2)SpecialExtraneousRisks特殊外来风险(riskscausedbyondeck,war,strikes,failureo