新托福测试题

请勿在试卷上填写答案环球北美考试院新托福阅读、写作部分测试题○ATheywantedtoimprovetheflavorandnutritionalvalueoffood.○BTheyneededtoslowthenaturalprocessesthatcausefoodtospoil.○CTheyneededausefortheicethatformedonlakesandrivers.○DTheywantedtoexpandtheproductionofcertainindustries.2.Thewordperishableinparagraph1isclosestinmeaningto○Acapableofspoiling○Buncooked○Cofanimalorigin○Dhighlynutritious3.Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutcoldstoragebeforetheinventionofartificialrefrigeration?○AItkeptfoodcoldforonlyaboutaweek.○BItwasdependentonasourceoficeorsnow.○CItrequiredacontainermadeofmetalorwood.○DItwasnotasafemethodofpreservingmeat.4.ArtificialrefrigerationinvolvesallofthefollowingprocessesEXCEPT○Athepumpingofwatervaporthroughapipe○Btherapidexpansionofcertaingases○Ctheevaporationofavolatileliquid○Dthetransferofheatfromoneplacetoanother5.Whichsentencebelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinparagraph2?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.○AIttakesalotofenergytotransformaliquidintoavapor,especiallywhenthevaporlosesheat.○BSomegasesexpandrapidlyandgiveoffenergywhentheyencounteraverycoldTHEDEVELOPMENTOFREFRIGERATIONColdstorage,orrefrigeration,iskeepingfoodattemperaturesbetween32and45degreesFinordertodelaythegrowthofmicroorganisms—bacteria,molds,andveast—thatcausefoodtospoil.Refrigerationproducesfewchangesinfood,someats,fish,eggs,milk,fruits,andvegetableskeeptheiroriginalflavor,color,andnutrition.Beforeartificialrefrigerationwasinvented,peoplestoredperishablefoodwithiceorsnowtolengthenitsstoragetime.Preservingfoodbykeepingitinanice—filledpitisa4,000-year-oldart.Coldstorageareaswerebuiltinbasements,cellars,orcaves,linedwithwoodorstraw,andpackedwithice.Theicewastransportedfrommountains,orharvestedfromlocallakesorrivers,anddeliveredinlargeblockstohomesandbusinesses.Artificialrefrigerationistheprocessofremovingheatfromasubstance,container,orenclosedarea,toloweritstemperature.Theheatismovedfromtheinsideofthecontainertotheoutside.Arefrigeratorusestheevaporationofavolatileliquid,orrefrigerant,toabsorbheat.Inmosttypesofrefrigerators,therefrigerantiscompressed,pumpedthroughapipe,andallowedtovaporize.Astheliquidturnstovapor,itlosesheatandgetscolderbecausethemoleculesofvaporuseenergytoleavetheliquid.Themoleculesleftbehindhavelessenergyandsotheliquidbecomescolder.Thus,theairinsidetherefrigeratorischilled.Scientistsandinventorsfromaroundtheworlddevelopedartificialrefrigerationduringtheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies.WilliamCullendemonstratedartificialrefrigerationinScotlandinl748,whenheletethyletherboilintoapartialvacuum.Inl805,AmericaninventorOliverEvansdesignedthefirstrefrigerationmachinethatused请勿在试卷上填写答案环球北美考试院新托福阅读、写作部分测试题’sdesigntocreateanair-coolingapparatustotreatyellow—feverpatientsinaFloridahospital.Gorrielaterlefthismedicalpracticeandliquid.○CWhenkineticenergyischangedtoheatenergy,liquidmoleculesturnintovapormolecules.○DDuringevaporation,thevapormoleculesuseenergy,andtheliquidbecomescolder.6.Accordingtothepassage,whowasthefirstpersontouseartificialrefrigerationforapracticalpurpose?○AWilliamCullen○BOliverEvans○CJohnGorrie○DAdolphusBusch7.Theworditinparagraph3refersto○Aprinter○Brefrigerator○Ctype○Dether8.Whydoestheauthordiscussthebrewingindustryinparagraph4?○ATocomparecavestoragewithmechanicalrefrigeration○BTodescribetheuniqueproblemsthatbrewersfaced○CTopraisetheaccomplishmentsofaprominentbrewer○DToshowhowrefrigerationchangedawholeindustry9.Thewordconstrainedinparagraph4isclosestinmeaningto○Arestricted○Bspoiled○Cimproved○Dalternated10.Accordingtothepassage,thefirstrefrigeratedrailcarusedwhatmaterialasacoolingagent?○AEther○BIce○CAmmonia○DCFCs11.Thewordtoxicinparagraph5isclosestinmeaningto请勿在试卷上填写答案环球北美考试院新托福阅读、写作部分测试题’sspoilageandstorageproblems,refrigerational