1新概念第三册语法详解和总结(带习题和答案)第一章英语从句Subordination英语从句主要有定语从句,状语从句和名词性从句(主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)一.定语从句1.定语从句:由关系代词who,whom,whose,that,which;关系副词when,where,why引导。(下面十个句子请读5遍并脱口译出!)1.Thedeathnoticestellusaboutpeoplewhohavediedduringtheweek.2.Theman(whom)youspoketojustnowismyfriend.3.Thebuildingwhoselightsareonisbeautiful.4.Pleasefindaplacewhichwecanhaveaprivatetalkin.5.Thekneeisthejointwherethethighbonemeetsthelargeboneofthelowerleg.6.Hestillremembersthedaywhenhewenttoschool.7.Itisnoneedtellingusthereasonwhyyoudidn'tfinishitintime.8.Hehasthreesons,twoofwhomdiedinthewar.9.Mr.Smith,whosewifeisaclerk,teachesusEnglish.10.IntheSundaypapertherearecomics,whichchildrenenjoy.2.只能用that和who引导的定语从句A.all,nothing,anything,afew,one做先行词指物时B.先行词前有形容词最高级修饰时,后面常跟that而不是which.C.先行词前有theonly,thefirst,thelast,thenext,thevery等词修饰时,引导词只能用that。D.当先行词是anyone,anybody,everyone,everybody,someone,somebody时,后面要用who或whom;●Allthatglittersisnotgold.闪光的并非都是金子。3.as引导定语从句as引导的定语从句有两种形式:A.引导限制性语从句。在此类定语从句中,as常与主语中作为其先行词的such,thesame或as联用构成,“such...as”,“thesame...as”和“as...as”句型,可代替先行词。例如:Wehopetogetsuchatoolasheisusing.我们希望得到他正在用的那种工具。B.as引导非限制性定语从句时,作用与which相同,as作为关系代词代替整个主句。(这是语法考试的一个考点。)[注意区别]:as引导的从句用于句首、句中或句后,而which引导的定语从句不能放在句首。例如:Asisreported,aforeigndelegationwillvisitthecity.据报道,一个外国代表团将访问这个城市。二.状语从句超级作文联接词及词组,全部拿下!①原因:because,since,nowthat(既然)as,for,thisreason....②结果:sothat,so,therefore,consequently,soasto,asaresult....③时间:after,before,when,while,as,until,assoonas,since,bythetime,once,lately,presently,shortlyafter,currently,atpresent,nowadays...④条件:if,onlyif.,once,unless,intheevent(that),incase(that),providedthat,ontheconditionthat,etc.⑤让步:though,although,eventhough(if),nomatterwhat/how/when→whatever/however/whenever....⑥目的:inorderthat,inorderto,to,⑦比较:than,as...as,bycomparison(相比较),bycontrast(相对照)....三.名词性从句2王牌要点:通常由that或疑问词导出。1.Howsomemammalscametoliveintheseaisnotknow.(主语从句)2.Theattorneytoldhisclientthattheyhadlittlechanceofwinningthecase.(宾语从句)3.Theproblemiswhatwe'lldonext.(表语从句)4.Wehavenoideathathehascomeback.(同位语从句)同位语(Appositive):同位语是英语语法的重点内容,也是各类考试中的一个考点,同时,在写作中正确运用同位语可以使你的句型更加简洁得体。《新概念英语》第三册第一课有这样一个句子:WhenreportscameintoLondonzoothatawildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon,theywerenottakenseriously.(当伦敦动物园接到报告说,在伦敦以南45英里处发现一只美洲狮时,这些报告并没有受到重视。)在这里,awildpumahadbeenspottedforty-fivemilessouthofLondon就是同位语从句,它本来应该放在“reports”后面,这里却被放在了谓语成分cameintoLondonzoo的后面,目的是让句型显得更为稳重。I.简单记忆:同位语从句,就是对某些名词做进一步的解释的句子。IwasgreatlyshockedwhenIheardthenewsthathisfatherdiedyesterday.(that引导的句子解释了news的内容,注意:that不做任何成分)Wehavetofacethefactthattheweatherisunexpectedlybad.(that引导的句子解释了fact的内容)II.联想记忆:能接同位词从句的名词有:belief(信仰),fact,idea,doubt,rumor(谣言),evidence(证据),conclusion(结论),suggestion(建议),problem,order,answer,discovery(发现)explanation(解释),principle(原则),possibility(可能性),truth,promise(承诺),report(报告),statement(声明),knowledge(知识),opinion(观点),likelihood(可能性)[大声朗读三遍,背下即可。]III.王牌要点:●同位语一般由that引导,但也可以用关系代词which,who,what和关系副词when,where,why,how或whether引导。Therearousethequestionwhetherwecouldwinthegame.Ihavenoideahowtoexplainit.●一些介词词组后面也能引导同位语从句。(非常经典之功能句式,可用于四六级和托福作文,不妨一试!):ontheassumption(在……前提下),ontheground(由于……原因),ontheconditionthat(在……条件下),withtheexception(有……例外)owingtothefact(由于……事实);ontheunderstanding(基于……理解);Theyoungladypromisedtomarrytheoldmanontheconditionthatheboughtheravilla.那位年轻的女士答应嫁给那位老头,条件是他给她买一幢别墅。IV.分隔式同位语从句为了使句型平衡不至于头重脚轻,有时同位语从句可以放到句子的末尾,(读两遍此定义,然后看倒句:)Anideacametohimthathemightwritetohertoaskmoreinformationaboutthematter.IgotinformationfrommyfriendthattherewillbeamarvelousAmericanmovieTitanic.V.同位语从句与定语从句之区别简单记忆:定语从句的引导词that或which在句子中用作主语或宾语,而同位语从句的引导词that只起连接主句和从句之作用,不用作任何成分。示例:I'vegotananswerthatAisright.(同位语从句,that不做成分)I'vegotananswerthatsurprisedmealot.(定语从句,that做定语从句的主语)VI.王牌重点:可以充当同位语的词组或短语。31)名词短语。(使句型更为简洁)BillClinton,thepresidentofAmerica,cametoChinatopayanofficialvisitin1998.LuXun,oneofthegreatestessayistsinChina,playedanoverwhelminglyimportantroleinChineseliteraturehistory.2)动名词词组亦可用作同位语:别忘了加逗号。(使句型更为流畅)I'mcrazyaboutthegame,playingbaseball.Goingtoconcert,thatsoundsagreatidea.3)不定式短语。(陌生只是掌握的开始)Theproblemwhattodonextremainsunsolved.Herclaimtohavefinishedhisworkisnothingbutawhitelie.4)形容词词组。(有逗号隔开)Alltheworkers,youngorold,shouldbetreatedequally.Youngman,shortortall,shouldhavetherighttotaketheopportunity.VII.同位语的引导词。(重要!这是中高级写作中不可缺少的引导成分)引导词用来表示同位语与它所说明的同位成分之间的关系:1.namely,thatitis,thatistosay(也就是说),inotherwords(换句话说),or,forshort表示等同关系。2.suchas,say,sotospeak(譬如说),including(包括),forinstance(或forexample(e.g./eg),表示举例和列举关系。3.especially,mostly,chiefly,orbetter,inparticular,particularly表示突出重点,(在高难度阅读中表示后面的部分为更重要或更突出的部分,是出题的关键点。)测试精编I.选择正确选项:1.________allbehaviorislearnedbehaviorisabasicassumptionofsocialscientists.A.NearlyB.ThatnearlyC.ItisnearlyD.Whennearly2.ThepeopleatthepartywereworriedaboutJanetbecausenoonewasaware________shehadgone.A.wherethatB.ofwhereC.oftheplacewhereD.theplace3.—Susanhasn'twrittenusforalongtime.—Whatdoyousuppose________toher?A.thathappenedB.happenedC.tohappenD.havinghappened4.—MayIhavetheloan?________youoffergoodsecurity.A