语言学英汉术语对比

1.语言的普遍特征：任意性arbitrariness双层结构duality既由声音和意义结构多产性productivity移位性displacement:我们能用语言可以表达许多不在场的东西文化传播性culturaltransmission2。语言的功能：传达信息功能informative人济功能：interpersonal行事功能：Performative表情功能：Emotive寒暄功能：Phatic娱乐功能recreatinal元语言功能metalingual3.语言学linguistics：包括六个分支语音学Phonetics音位学phonology形态学Morphology句法学syntax语义学semantics语用学pragmatics4.现代结构主义语言学创始人：Ferdinanddesaussure提出语言学中最重要的概念对之一：语言与言语languageandparole，语言之语言系统的整体，言语则只待某个个体在实际语言使用环境中说出的具体话语5.语法创始人：NoamChomsky提出概念语言能力与语言运用competenceandperformance1.Whichofthefollowingstatementscanbeusedtodescribedisplacement.oneoftheuniquepropertiesoflanguage:a.wecaneasilyteachourchildrentolearnacertainlanguageb.wecanuseboth'shu'and'tree'todescribethesamething.c.wecanuselanguagetorefertosomethingnotpresentd.wecanproducesentencesthathaveneverbeenheardbefore.2.Whatisthemostimportantfunctionoflanguage?a.interpersonalb.phaticc.informatived.metallingual3.ThefunctionofthesentenceAniceday,isn'tit?is__ainformativeb.phaticc.directived.performative4.Thedistinctionbetweencompetenceandperformanceisproposedby__asaussureb.hallidayc.chomskyd.thepragueschool5.Whoputforwardthedistinctionbetweenlanguageandparole?a.saussureb.chomskyc.hallidaydanomymous第二节语音学1.发音器官由声带thevocalcords和三个回声腔组成2.辅音consonant：thereisanobstructionoftheairstreamatsomepointofthevocaltract.3.辅音的发音方式爆破音completeobstruction鼻音nasals破裂音plosives部分阻塞辅音partialobstruction擦音fricatives破擦音affricates等4.辅音清浊特征voicing辅音的送气特征aspiration5.元音vowel分类标准舌翘位置，舌高和嘴唇的形状6双元音diphthongs,有元音过渡vowelglides1.Articulatoryphoneticsmainlystudies__.a.thephysicalpropertiesofthesoundsproducedinspeechb.theperceptionofsoundsc.thecombinationofsoundsd.theproductionofsounds2.Thedistinctionbetweenvowelsandconsonantsliesin__a.theplaceofarticulationb.theobstructionfairstreamc.thepositionofthetongued.theshapeofthelips3.Whatisthecommonfactorofthethreesounds:p,kta.voicelessb.spreadc.voicedd.nasal4.Whatphoneticfeaturedistinguishthepinpleaseandthepinspeak?a.voicingb.aspirationc.roundnessd.nasality5.WhichofthefollowingisnotadistinctivefeatureinEnglish?a.voicingb.nasalc.approximationd.aspiration6.Thephonologicalfeaturesoftheconsonantkare__a.voicedstopb.voicelessstopc.voicedfricatived.voicelessfricative7.pisdivverentfromkin__a.themannerofarticulationb.theshapeofthelipsc.thevibrationofthevocalcordsd.thepalceofarticualtion8.Vibrationofthevocalcordsresultsin__a.aspirationb.nasalityc.obstructiond.voicing第三节音位学phonology1.音位学与语音学的区别：语音学着重于语音的自然属性，主要关注所有语言中人可能发出的所有声音；音位学则强调语音的社会功能，其对象是某一种语言中可以用来组合成词句的那些语音。2.音位phoneme：最小语音单位3.音位变体allophones:读音差别4.对比性分布：如果两个音段出现在同一个语音环境中，而且产生了两个不同的单词，5.互补性分布；如果两个基本相似的音段绝不会出现在相同的语音环境中，那么它们之间就是互补性分布的关系，如送气p绝不会出现在s之后，不送气的p绝不会出现在词首6.音节syllable，分为节首onset，节峰peak，节尾coda7.辅音群:一般作为音节节首的辅音群不能超过三个福音，节尾不能超过4个8.最小语音对minimalpairsI.Introduction1.WhatisLanguageLanguageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.2.WhatisLinguistics(语言学)Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.3.SomeBasicDistinctions(区分)inLinguistics3.1SpeechandWritingOnegeneralprinciple(原则)oflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyofspeechoverwriting.Writinggiveslanguagenewscope(范畴)andusesthatspeechdoesnothave.3.2Descriptive(描述性)orPrescriptive(说明性)Alinguisticstudyisdescriptiveifitdescribesandanalysesfactsobserved;itisprescriptiveifittriestolaydownrulesforcorrectbehavior.3.3Synchronic(共时)andDiachronic(历时)StudiesThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudyandThedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.3.4Langue(语言)andParole(言语)ThisisadistinctionmadebytheSwisslinguistF.DeSaussure(索绪尔）earlylastcentury.languereferstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunityandparolereferstotheactualized(实际的)language,orrealizationoflangue.3.5Competence(能力)andPerformance(行为)Competenceistheideallanguageuser'sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performanceistheactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinutterances(发声).4.TheScopeofLinguisticsGenerallinguisticsisthestudyoflanguageasawhole.Phonetics(语音学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthecharacteristicsofspeechsoundsandprovidesmethodsfortheirdescription,classificationandtranscription.Phonology(音韵学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthesoundpatternsoflanguages.Morphology(词法)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestheformofwords.Syntax(句法)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestherulesgoverningthecombinationofwordsintosentences.Semantics(语义学)isthebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiesthemeaningoflanguage.Appliedlinguistics(应用语言学)isthestudyoftheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.Sociolinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandsociety.Psycholinguisticsisthestudyoftherelationshipbetweenlanguageandthemind.HistoricalLinguistics(历史语言学)isthestudyoflanguagechanges.Anthropologicallinguistics(人文语言学)usesthetheoriesandmethodsofanthropologytostudylanguagevariationandlanguageuseinrelationtotheculturalpatternsandbeliefsofman.Neurolinguistics(神经语言学)studiestheneurologicalbasisoflanguagedevelopmentanduseinhumanbeings.Mathematicallinguistics(数学语言学)studiesthemathematicalfeaturesoflanguage,oftenemployingmodelsandconceptsofmathematics.Computationallin