英国文学术语

1英国文学术语汇编PartI01.Humanism(人文主义)HumanismistheessenceoftheRenaissance.Itemphasizesthedignityofhumanbeingsandtheimportanceofthepresentlife.Humanistsvoicedtheirbeliefsthatmanwasthecenteroftheuniverseandmandidnotonlyhavetherighttoenjoythebeautyofthepresentlife,buthadtheabilitytoperfecthimselfandtoperformwonders.02.Renaissance(文艺复兴)Theword“Renaissance”means“rebirth”,itmeantthereintroductionintoWesternEuropeofthefullculturalheritageofGreeceandRome.2theessenceoftheRenaissanceisHumanism.Attitudesandfeelingswhichhadbeencharacteristicofthe14thand15thcenturiespersistedwelldownintotheeraofHumanismandreformation.3therealmainstreamoftheEnglishRenaissanceistheElizabethandramawithWilliamShakespearebeingtheleadingdramatist.03.Metaphysicalpoetry(玄学派诗歌)Metaphysicalpoetryiscommonlyusedtonametheworkofthe17thcenturywriterswhowroteundertheinfluenceofJohnDonne.2witharebelliousspirit,theMetaphysicalpoetstriedtobreakawayfromtheconventionalfashionoftheElizabethanlovepoetry.3thedictionissimpleascomparedwiththatoftheElizabethanortheNeoclassicalperiods,andechoesthewordsandcadencesofcommonspeech.4theimageryisdrawnfromactuallife.04.Classicism(古典主义)Classicismreferstoamovementortendencyinart,literature,ormusicthatreflectstheprinciplesmanifestedintheartofancientGreeceandRome.Classicismemphasizesthetraditionalandtheuniversal,andplacesvalueonreason,clarity,balance,andorder.Classicism,withitsconcernforreasonanduniversalthemes,istraditionallyopposedtoRomanticism,whichisconcernedwithemotionsandpersonalthemes.05.Enlightenment(启蒙运动)EnlightenmentmovementwasaprogressivephilosophicalandartisticmovementwhichflourishedinFranceandsweptthroughwesternEuropeinthe18thcentury.2themovementwasafurtheranceoftheRenaissancefrom14thcenturytothemid-17thcentury.3itspurposewastoenlightenthewholeworldwiththelightofmodernphilosophicalandartisticideas.4itcelebratedreasonorrationality,equalityandscience.Itadvocateduniversaleducation.5famousamongthegreatenlightenersinEnglandwerethosegreatwriterslikeAlexanderpope,JonathanSwift.etc.06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)1Inthefieldofliterature,theenlightenmentmovementbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks.2thistendencyisknownasneoclassicism.TheNeoclassicistsheldthatformsofliteratureweretobemodeledaftertheclassicalworksoftheancientGreekandRomanwriterssuchasHomerandVirgilandthoseofthecontemporaryFrenchones.3theybelievedthattheartisticidealsshouldbeorder,logic,restrainedemotionandaccuracy,andthatliteratureshouldbejudgedintermsofitsservicetohumanity.07.TheGraveyardSchool(墓园派诗歌)1TheGraveyardSchoolreferstoaschoolofpoetsofthe18thcenturywhosepoemsaremostlydevotedtoasentimentallamentationormeditationonlife,pastandpresent,withdeathandgraveyardasthemes.2ThomasGrayisconsideredtobetheleadingfigureofthisschoolandhisElegywritteninacountrychurchyardisitsmostrepresentativework.08.Romanticism(浪漫主义)AnartisticandintellectualmovementoriginatinginEuropeinthelate18thcenturywhichemphasisontheindividual‘sexpressionofemotionandimagination,departurefromtheattitudesandformsofclassicism.1itwascharacterizedbyastrongprotestagainstthebondageofneoclassicism,whichemphasizedreason,orderandelegantwit.Instead,romanticismgaveprimaryconcerntopassion,emotion,andnaturalbeauty.2Inthehistoryofliterature.Romanticismisgenerallyregardedasthethoughtthatdesignatesaliteraryandphilosophicaltheorywhichtendstoseetheindividualastheverycenterofalllifeandexperience.3theEnglishromanticperiodisanageofpoetry,whichprevailedinEnglandfrom1798to1837.Themajorromantic2poetsincludeWordsworth,Byron,andShelley.09.ByronicHero(拜伦式英雄)1Byronicheroreferstoaproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin.2withimmensesuperiorityinhispassionsandpowers,thisByronicHerowouldcarryonhisshoulderstheburdenofrightingallthewrongsinacorruptsociety.Andwouldrisesingle-handedlyagainstanykindoftyrannicalruleseitheringovernment,inreligion,orinmoralprincipleswithunconquerablewillsandinexhaustibleenergies.3Byron’schiefcontributiontoenglishliteratureishiscreationofthe“ByronicHero”.10.CriticalRealism(批判现实主义)CriticalRealismisatermappliedtotherealisticfictioninthelate19thandearly20thcenturies.2Itmeansthetendencyofwritersandintellectualsintheperiodbetween1875and1920toapplythemethodsofrealisticfictiontothecriticismofsocietyandtheexaminationofsocialissues.3Realistwriterswereallconcernedaboutthefateofthecommonpeopleanddescribedwhatwasfaithfultoreality.4CharlesDickensisthemostimportantcriticalrealist.11.Modernism(现代主义)1.Modernismiscomprehensivebutvaguetermforamovement,whichbegininthelate19thcenturyandwhichhashadawideinfluenceinternationallyduringmuchofthe20thcentury.2modernismtakestheirrationalphilosophyandthetheoryofpsycho-analysisasitstheoreticalcase.3thetermpertainstoallthecreativearts.Especiallypoetry,fiction,drama,painting,musicandarchitecture.4inEnglandfromearlyinthe20thcenturyandduringthe1920sand1930s,inAmericafromshortlybeforethefirstworldwarandonduringtheinter-warperiod,modernisttendencieswereattheirmostactiveandfruitful.5asfarasliteratureisconcerned,Modernismrevealsabreakingawayfromestablishedrule