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名词解释1．Romance:alongcomposition,inverseorinprose,describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero,especiallyfortheknight.ThemostpopularthemeemployedwasthelegendofKingArthurandtheroundtableknight.2．Ballad:astorytoldinsong,usuallyinfour-linestanzas,withthesecondandfourthlinesrhymed.3．HeroicCouplet:acoupletconsistingoftworhymedlinesofiambicpentameter,andwritteninanelevatedstyle.4．Renaissance:arevivalorrebirthoftheartisticandscientificrevivalwhichoriginatedinItalyinthe14thcenturyandgraduallyspreadalloverEurope.Ithastwofeatures:athirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliteratureandkeeninterestinactivitiesofhumanity.5．Sonnet:14-linelyricpoem,usuallywritteninrhymediambicpentameter.6．Blankverse:poetrywritteninunrhymediambicpentameter.7．Enlightenment:arevivalofinterestintheoldclassicalworks,logic,order,restrainedemotionandaccuracy.8．Neoclassicism:theEnlightenmentbroughtaboutarevivalofinterestinGreekandRomanworks.ThistendencyisknownasNeoclassicism.9．Sentimentalism:itwasoneoftheimportanttrendsinEnglishliteratureofthelaterdecadesofthe18thcentury.Itconcentratedonthefreeexpressionofthoughtsandemotions,andpresentedanewviewofhumannaturewhichprizedfeelingoverthinking,passionoverreason.10．Romanticism:imagination,emotionandfreedomarecertainlythefocalpointsofromanticism.Theparticularcharacteristicsoftheliteratureofromanticisminclude:subjectivityandanemphasisonindividualism;freedomfromrules;solitaryliferatherthenlifeinsociety;thebeliefsthatimaginationissuperiortoreason;andloveofandworshipofnature.11．LakePoets:theEnglishpoetswholivedinanddrewinspirationfromtheLakeDistrictatthebeginningofthe19thcentury.12．ByronicHeroes:avariantoftheRomanticheroesasatypeofcharacter(enthusiasm,persistence,pursuingfreedom),namedaftertheEnglishRomanticPoetGordonByron.13．Realism:seekstoportrayfamiliarcharacters,situations,andsettingsinarealisticmanner.Thisisdoneprimarilybyusinganobjectivenarrativepointofviewandthroughthebuildupofaccuratedetail.14．Aestheticism:anartmovementsupportingtheemphasisofaestheticvaluesmorethansocio-politicalthemesforliterature,fineart,musicandotherarts.15．Stream-of-Consciousness:itisaliterarytechniquethatpresentsthethoughtsandfeelingsofacharacterastheyoccurwithoutanyclarificationbytheauthor.Itisanarrativemode.16．DramaticMonologue:akindofnarrativepoeminwhichonecharacterspeakstooneormorelistenerswhoserepliesarenotgiveninthepoem.17．IambicPentameter:apoeticlineconsistingoffiveversefeet,witheachfootanunstressedsyllablefollowedbyastressedsyllable,thatis,witheachfootaniamb.18．Epic:alongnarrativepoemtellingaboutthedeedsofagreatheroandreflectingthevaluesofthesocietyfromwhichitoriginated.19．Elegy:apoemofmourning,usuallyoverthedeathofanindividual;mayalsobealamentoverthepassingoflifeandbeautyorameditationofthenatureofdeath;atypeoflyricpoem.20．Canto:asectionofalongpoem.Thecantoscanbeagreatpoem21．Ode:acomplexandoftenlengthylyricpoem,writteninadignifiedformalstyleonsomeloftyorserioussubjects.Odesarewrittenforaspecialoccasion,tohonorapersonoraseasonortocommemorateanevent.22．Song:ashortpoemwithdistinctmusicalqualities,normallywrittentobesettomusic.23．Lyric:apoem,usuallyashortone,thatexpressesaspeaker'spersonalthoughtsorfeelings.Theelegy,songandodeareallformsoflyrics.24．SpenserianStanza:anine-linestanzamadeupof8linesofiambicpentameterendingwithanAlexandrine.Itsthymeschemeisababbcbcc.Thisstanzawascommontotravelliterature.25．MetricalPattern:alyricpoemoffive14-linedstanzascontainingfourtercetsandaclosingcouplet.Therhymeschemeisababcbcdcdedee.文学史中古时期1.Beowulf《贝奥武甫》:thenaturalepicoftheEnglishpeople;Denmarkstory,alliteration,metaphor,understatements2.SirGawainandGreenKnight《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》3.GeoffreyChaucer(杰弗里乔叟）：theFatherofEnglishPoetry;TheCanterburyTales《埃特伯雷故事集》（24stories)文艺复兴时期1.ThomasMore:Utopia《乌托邦》-thecommunicationbetweenmoreandthetravelerwhichjustcamebackfromUtopia.2.FrancisBacon:thefirstEnglishEssayist;Essays《随笔集》-OfStudies,OfTruth(philosophicalandliteraryworks)3.ThusWyatt:firsttointroducethesonnetintoEnglishliterature.4.EdmundSpenser:Poet'spoet;TheFairyQueen《仙后》(toQueenElizabethI)5.WilliamShakespeare:Sonnet18(ShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday)四大悲剧：Hamlet(revengeofthePrinceHamletKingLear(年事已高的李尔王意欲把国土分给3个女儿，两个大女儿赢其宠信而瓜分国土，小女儿却因不愿阿谀奉承而一无所得。前来求婚的法兰西国王慧眼识人，娶考狄利娅为皇后。李尔王离位，大女儿和二女儿居然不给其栖身之地，当年的国王只好到荒郊野外。小女儿率队攻入，父女团圆。但战事不利，被杀死，李尔王守着心爱的小女儿的尸体悲痛地死去。Othello(奥赛罗是威尼斯公国一员勇将。他与元老的女儿苔丝狄梦娜相爱。但由于他是黑人，婚事未被允许。两人只好私下成婚。奥赛罗手下有一个阴险的旗官伊阿古，一心想除掉奥赛罗。他先是向元老告密，不料却促成了两人的婚事。他又挑拨奥赛罗与苔丝狄梦娜的感情，说另一名副将凯西奥与苔丝狄梦娜关系不同寻常，并伪造了所谓定情信物等。奥赛罗信以为真，在愤怒中掐死了自己的妻子。当他得知真相后，悔恨之余拔剑自刎，倒在了妻子身边。Mecbeth（苏格兰国王邓肯的表弟麦克白将军立功归来，路上遇到三个女巫。女巫对他说了一些预言和隐语，说他将进爵为王，但他并无子嗣能继承王位，反而是柯将军的后代要做王。麦克白是有野心的英雄，他在夫人的怂恿下谋杀邓肯，做了国王。而后，他一步步害死了邓肯的侍卫，害死了班柯，害死了贵族麦克德夫的妻子和小孩。恐惧和猜疑使麦克白心里越来越有鬼，也越来越冷酷。麦克白夫人神经失常而自杀，对他也是一大刺激。在众叛亲离的情况下，麦克白面对邓肯之子和他请来的英格兰援军的围攻，落得削首的下场喜剧：AMidsummerNight'sDream《仲夏夜之梦》，TheMerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》，AsYouLikeIt《皆大欢喜》；TwelfthNight《第十二夜》悲喜剧：RomeoandJuliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》17世纪英国文学1.JohnDonne:theleadingpoetofMetaphysicalschoolofpoetry;AValediction:ForbiddingMourning《分离：莫忧伤》2.JohnMilton:ParadiseLost《失乐园》（arevoltagainstGod'sauthority),Para