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VERB(VI)MOOD10.1“Mood”istheformoftheverbwhichshowsthespeaker’sattitudetowardstherelationbetweentheaction(orstate)expressedbythepredicateverbandtheobjectivereality.[语气是一种动词形式，用来表示讲话人对谓语动词所表示的动作（或状态）与客观实际之间的关系的态度。]Therearethreemoods:theindicativemood,theimperativemoodandthesubjunctivemood.10.2Theindicativemood(fact-mood事实语气)showsthatthespeakerconsiderstheactionorstatedenotedbythepredicateasanactualfact.Itisusedinstatements(bothaffirmativeornegative)offacts,inquestionsoffactsandinexclamationsoffacts,e.g.Theforcesofthethirdworldaregrowingfromdaytoday.(affirmativestatement)Shedidn’thelpmewithmywork.(negativestatement)WillitdoifweletyouhaveananswerbyFriday?(question)Howhotitistoday!(exclamation)10.3Theimperativemood(will-mood意志语气)conveysthespeaker’swilltourgethepersonaddressedtofulfilanaction.Thismaybeexpressedintheformofacommand,arequest,awarning,etc.1)Ithasonlyonesimpleform(i.e.theplainrootformoftheverb)forthesecondpersonsingularorplural,e.g.Givehimwhathelpyoucan.Donotmakethesamemistakeagain.Thesubjectofanimperativeisseldomexpressedunlessitisemphatic.Ifitisemphatic,thesubjectisplacedbeforetheverbintheusualplaceofthesubject,e.g.Youbemorecareful.(Lawrence)“Don’tyouloseaminute.”(Conrad)Withthefirstandthethirdpersonitisprecededby“let”(or“have”)andanaccusative,e.g.Letmesee.(让我想一想，让我看一看。)Letushelpyou.(让我们帮助你吧。)Let’sgo.(Thesecondpersonisincludedin“us”,whichisshortenedto‘s.)(咱们走吧。)2)Theimperativemoodmaybeusedtoexpressaconditioninacompoundsentence,e.g.Makehasteandyouwillaccomplishtheworkontime.(Ifyoumakehaste,youwillaccomplishtheworkontime.)3)Theemphaticimperativeisformedwiththehelpoftheauxiliaryverb“do”,e.g.Doworkharder.Dobesilent.4)“Willyou?”isoftenaddedtotheimperative,e.g.Bringmethatdictionary,willyou?5)“Shallwe?”isoftenaddedtosuchanimperativesentenceasfollows:Let’sgo,shallwe?10.4Thesubjunctivemood(thought-mood想象语气)doesn’trefertofactsbutthespeaker’sthought.Itexpresseswishes,suggestions,supposition,etc.,e.g.IwishIcouldseehimimmediately.---wish(thefactisthatIcan’tseehimimmediately.)Hesuggeststhattheregulations[should]berevisedatonce.----suggestion(Whethertheregulationswillberevisedatonceisuncertainthoughhesuggestthattheyshould.)IfIhadhadtimelastweek,Ishouldhavecometoseeyou.-----supposition.(Ihadnotimelastweek,soIdidn’tcometoseeyou.)10.5TheUseoftheSubjunctiveintheUnrealConditionalSentenceConditionalsentencesmaybedividedintotwokinds:realconditionalsentencesandunrealconditionalsentences.Bothrefertosupposition.1)Insentencesofrealconditiontheindicativemoodisusedbecausethesuppositionmaycometrue,e.g.Youcanfinishtheworkbyyourselfifyoutryhard.Ifitrains,Ishallstayathome.2)Inunrealconditionalsentencestheverbsareinthesubjunctivemoodbecausethesuppositioninsuchsentencesiseitherdoubtfulorcontrarytothefact,e.gIfIwereyou(but,infact,Ican’tbeyou)Iwouldstudymuchharder.----contrarytothefactIfIshouldhavefreetimetomorrow(butIdon’tthinkIshallhavefreetime),Iwouldhelpyouwithyourgrammar.-------futuredoubtfulsuppositionComparethefollowing:a.IamsurewhetherI’llseehim.(indicative)ButifIseehim,Iwillaskhimtocome.(realcondition)b.Ididn’tmeethimthere.(indicative)IfIhadmethimthere,Iwouldhaveaskedhimtocome.(unrealcondition)3)Asentenceofunrealconditionmayrefertothepresent,thepast,orthefuture.Itmayalsorefertonoparticulartime.Thefollowingarevariousverbformsforitaccordingtosenseandsomepointsforattention:(a)SuppositioncontrarytothepresentfactIn“If”ClauseIn“Result”ClauseVerbfromthepastfromshould/would+rootformExampleIfhehadmoretimenow,hewouldlendhishelptotheworkIndication(Understood)ButIknowthathehasnomoretimenow.Otherexamples:Ifhewereherenow,hewouldnotletthematterendthisway(butheisnothere)HowniceitwouldbeifIweretherenow.Note1)Withtheverb“tobe”,“were”isusedforallpersonsandbothnumbersinthepastform.Incolloquialspeech,“was”isoftenusedinsteadof“were”forthefirstandthethirdpersonsingular.Nevertheless,wemustsay“IfI(he,she)were(notwas)you…”Note2)Theaboveverbformisalsousedinthesuppositioncontrarytothefactreferringtonoparticulartime,e.g.Iftherewerenowater,therewouldbenolifeontheearth.Nomatterhowperfectthebird’swingis,itcouldneverliftthebirdifitwerenotsupportedbyair.Note3)Theaboveverbformisalsousedinthesentenceofrejectedconcession(虚拟让步句)referringtothepresent,e.g.EvenifIwerethere,Ishouldn’tbeabletosolvetheproblembymyself.(Infact,Iamnotthere.)------referringtothepresentEventhoughwedidn’thaveneededmaterials,weshould(would)findsubstitutesforthem.Cf:EvenifIhadbeenthere,Ishouldn’t(wouldn’t)havebeenabletosolvetheproblembymyself.(Infact,Iwasnotthere.)-----referringtothepast(b)Suppositioncontrarytothepastfact.In“If”ClauseIn“Result”ClauseVerbfromHad+pastparticipleshould/would+have+pastparticipleExampleIfhehadhadmoretimebefore,hewouldhavelenthishelptothework.Indication(Understood)Buthehadnomoretimebefore,sohedidn’tlendhishelptothework.Otherexamples:Ifhehadnotbeenillandmissedmanyclasses(buthewasillandmissedmanyclasses),hewouldhavemadegreaterprogress.Note:thisformmayalsobeusedtorefertocertaincasesoffuturedoubtfulsupposition,e.g.Ifyouhadn’tfinishedtheworkbytheendofthismonth,youwouldpro