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InformalandformalwritingThedifferencebetweenformalandinformalstylesismainlyinthevocabulary.Informalwordsaretheonesusedineverydayconversationsandformalareusedinbooks,contracts,businesslettersandessays.Ifthetaskrequiresformalwriting–avoidusinginformalvocabulary.Ifthetaskrequiresinformalwriting,suchasalettertoafriend,avoidusingformal‘heavy’words.Apartfromthevocabularyinformalwritingitisbesttoavoidwordslike“I”,“you”,“we”,unlessyouareexpressinganopinion.Forexampleinanessayinsteadofwriting“Youwouldfinditdifficulttogetajobwithoutproperqualifications”,writesomethinglike“Onewouldfinditdifficulttofindajobwithoutproperqualifications”,oryoucouldwrite“Findingajobwithoutproperqualificationswouldberatherdifficult”.1.VocabularyFormalInformalInformmeLetmeknowCancelDropContactGetintouchObtainGetApologiseSaysorryPostponeDelayRequestAskforCompensateMakeupEstablishSetupDiscoverFindoutHandleDealwithInvestigateCheckuponToleratePutupIncreaseGoupChildrenKidsMany/MuchAlotofMany/MuchHeapsofInformalMoreformalHecheckeduponhisaccountant.Theyputupwiththeirneighbours.Shecaughtonveryquickly.Shemadeupforitwithanearlynight.Hewentdownwithafever.Thecostoflivingwentup.Heinvestigatedhisaccountant.Theytoleratedtheirneighbours.Sheunderstoodveryquickly.Shecompensatedforitwithanearlynight.Hecontractedafever.Thecostoflivingincreased.2.句型与修辞书面语和口语是两种不同形式的语言变体。口语是语言存在的最基本形式。从语言的起源和发展来看，口语是第一位的。书面语源于口语，是第二位的。书面语是用文字的形式来传递人们的思想、观点等信息。它要求句子结构完整、严谨、工整，符合语法规则和行文要求，在恰当传递信息的基础上产生一定的修辞效果。英语书面语和口语的主要区别体现在：1）书面语常用非人称形式行文，即说话人不直接表明自己或他人，避免使用人称代词we，you，I；口语常以第一人称叙事，直接表朋说话者是谁。例如：Someonekilledarichwomanlastnight．（口语）Arichwomanwaskilledlastnight．（书面语）Weneedmoretools．（口语）It'smoretoolsthatweneed．（书面语）Wecouldnotstartbecauseoftheheavyrain．（口语）Theheavyrainpreventedusfromstarting．（书面语）2）书面语常借用修辞手法，使文句优美生动；口语一般不用修辞手法，而用语调来达到这一效果。例如：Thesweetsongcameinthroughthewindow．（口语）Throughthewindow，cameinthesweetsong．（书面语）OncetherelivedagreedykinginGreek．（书面语）AgreedykinglivedinGreekonce.(口语)3.书面语与口语在表达观点的不同(1).AvoidtheuseofexpressionssuchasIthink/Ibelieveunlessyourownviewshavebeenspecificallyaskedfor.ExpressingopinionsInformalwords:formalexpressions:believeitisbelievedthatthinkitisthoughtthatarguefeelopinionviewUseexpressionlikethese:Itisbelieved...Manyresearchershavenoted...Somewritershavestated..Theresearchsuggests...Theevidenceindicates...Thefirst,secondperson:改成thethirdpersonI,we改成：thereistherearetherehasbeentherewillbeeg.1.We’vehadconsistentgrowth.Therehasbeenconsistentgrowth.2.Weexpectedthatgrowthisgoingtocontinue.Itisexpectedthatgrowthisgoingtocontinue.(2).Donotoverstatetheargumentthatisbeingmadeintheessaybyusingexpressionslikethis:Itisobviousthat...Itisclearthat...Theevidenceproves...Anybodycanclearlyseethat...Asweallknow…(3).Avoidaddressingthereaderwiththegeneralyou.Thisisinformalandinappropriate.Lookatthisexample:Assoonasyoustarttolookcarefullyatchildren'shome,youfrequentlyfindevidenceofabuse.Thesentencecanberephrasedindifferentwaystoavoidtheuseofyou.Evidenceofchildabusebecomesapparentoncecarefulinvestigativeworkiscarriedout.Carefulinvestigationfrequentlyleadstothediscoveryofchildabuse.Quiz:Rewritethesentencesintoformalones1.IgotanAinthecourse……IreceivedanAinthecourse.2.Ourmonitoriskindof/sortofbossy.Ourmonitorissomewhat/ratherbossy.3.Comeon,let’smaketheworldbetter.Let’smakejointeffortstomakeabetterworld.4.Researchershavefoundoutthatthisdrughasserioussideeffects.Researchershavediscovered/establishedthatthisdrughasserioussideeffects.5.It’sveryimportant.Itisofgreatimportance.6.IntheUnitedStates,youcanbuyagun.IntheUnitedStates,gunsareavailabletoeveryone.7.Ineverthoughtofgivingup.Thethoughtofgivingupneveroccurredtome.