施工电梯方案,含电梯基础及地下室顶板回撑方案

Unit1ResearchandDevelopmentLessonsTeamProjectReviewAdditionalResourcesEXITUnit1ResearchandDevelopmentLesson1.CongressandtheNationalScienceFoundationLesson2.MeasuringandcomparingR&DactivityLesson3.CoordinatingthemembersoftheteamLesson4.WorkingoutalogicalsequenceLesson5.GraduallyincreasingexpenditureLesson6.DevelopinganewproductEXITUnit1ResearchandDevelopmentAdditionalActivitiesReadingResourcesWritingResourcesUnitTestGrammarResourcesAdditionalResourcesEXITInpairsorsmallgroups,discussthequestions.Lesson1CongressandtheNationalScienceFoundationa1.Inyourcountry,whichgovernmentdepartmenthasresponsibilityforscientificresearch?2.Whichuniversitiesinyourcountryhaveastrongreputationforscientificresearch?universitiesgovernmentsindustriesfoundationsReadandcompletethetextusingthewordsbelow.bKeycientificresearchrequiressubstantialfunding,especiallywhenitinvolvestheuseofexpensiveequipment.Thisfundingoftencomesdirectlyfrom(1)_______________.IntheU.S.forexample,itisthefederalgovernmentthatsponsorsmostnationaldefenseandspaceexplorationprojects.Fundingforsciencecanalsocomefromscience(2)_______________.In1950,theU.S.CongresspassedanactthatestablishedtheNationalScienceFoundation.Thisindependentfederalagencydevelopsanationalsciencepolicyandsupportsscientificresearchandeducation.Twootherwell-knownfoundationsthatareinvolvedindiseaseresearcharetheSFundingforScientificResearchgovernmentsfoundationsAmericanCancerSocietyandtheNationalHeartAssociation.Researchisalsoconductedandsupportedbyprivate-sector(3)_________thatemployscientists—especiallyfromtheappliedsciences—whoworkinthedevelopmentofindustrialorcommercialprocessesandproducts.Scientificresearchisalsosupportedby(4)____________throughprofessorships.Mostprofessorsdonotjustgiveclassesbutalsoconductscientificresearch.Indeed,whatmanyprofessorsarelookingforistheopportunitytoworkatauniversitywheretheycancontinuetheirownresearch.Thesearetheprofessorswhosestudentshavethechancetoobserverealresearchatfirsthand.Mostuniversitiesspecializeincertainfieldsandtheyarefrequentlyjudgedontheachievementsoftheirresearchprofessors.Scientistswhoseresearchfindingsarepublishedandtalkedaboutinscientificcirclesbringprestigetotheinstitutionwheretheywork.KeyuniversitiesgovernmentsindustriesfoundationsindustriesuniversitiesReadthetextagainandfindthewordsthatmeanthesameasthefollowingphrases.c1.verylarge(paragraph1)___________2.alawpassedbyaparliament,congress,etc.(paragraph2)___________3.usetheservicesofsomeoneorsomething(paragraph3)___________4.respectandadmirationforsomeoneorsomethingofhighquality(paragraph4)___________substantialanactemployprestigeKeyInpairs,discussandwritedefinitionsforthefollowingtermsfromthetext.Useadictionarytohelpyou.d1.thefederalgovernment3.theprivatesector5.theappliedsciences2.atfirsthand4.researchfindings6.inscientificcirclesReadthelasttwoparagraphsofthetextagainandcompletethesesentences.e1.Inparagraph3,line2,thepronounthatrefersto_______________2.Inparagraph3,line4,thepronounwhorefersto_______________3.Inparagraph4,line4,thepronounwhatrefersto_______________4.Inparagraph4,line6,thepronounwhererefersto_______________5.Inparagraph4,line8,thepronounwhoserefersto_______________industriesscientistsauniversitytheopportunitytheprofessorsKeyReadandcompletethesentenceswithappropriaterelativepronouns.Thefirstonehasbeendoneforyou.f1.ItistheMinistryofScienceandEducation____decideswheretoallocatefunds.2.ThisisProf.Wilkinson______bookwaspublishedlastmonth.3.TheAmericanCancerSociety,______isinvolvedindiseaseresearch,isawell-knownfoundation.4.YouneedtotalktoProf.Dawes_____handlestheadmissions.5.Thedifficultthingis____thedepartmenthasnomoremoneyforresearch.6.Theapplicationprocedure______wehavetofollowisverycomplex.thatwhosewhichwhoKeythatwhichCompletethesesentenceswithinformationthatreflectsyourpersonalviews.g1.Inthiscountryitis__________thatprovidesmostofthemoneyforscientificresearch.2.Inmyopinion,whatsciencestudentsarelookingforis_____________.3.Inmyopinion,____________isthescientistwhoseworkhashadthegreatestimpact.4.Theinstitutionswheremanyscientistswanttoworkare____________.Insmallgroups,compareanddiscussyouranswerstoExerciseg.hLesson2MeasuringandcomparingR&DactivityDiscussthefollowingquestionsinpairsorsmallgroups.a1.HowcanthelevelofR&Dactivityofacompanybemeasured?2.WhichmeasuredoyouconsidertobethebestindicatorofR&Dactivity?Listenandcompletethenotes.Checkandcompareyouranswers.bIndicatorsofR&Dactivity1.________________________2.________________________3.________________________4.________________________budgetsnumberofnewpatentsfilednumberandfrequencyofpublicationspercentageofrevenuespentonR&DKeyScriptReadthesentencesandcircleTrueorFalse.cKeyLookatthechartandestimatewhatpercentageoftheirrevenuecompaniesspendonR&D.d714152543Key(Source:UKR&DScoreboard,2004)Listenandcheckyouranswers.eInterviewer:SohowmuchdocompaniesspendonR&D?Thatis,whatsortofR&Dintensityratesdowesee,forexample,inatypicalU.S.manufacturingcompany?Expert:TypicalR&Dexpendituremightbearound3.5%ofrevenue—moreorless.Interviewer:Aslittleasth