搜索
托福阅读：插入句子题解题技巧考察能力1、相关语句和词汇的理解2、对于语段中的逻辑顺序的把握题目特征Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.(Youwillseeasentenceinbold)Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Clickona[■]toaddthesentencetothepassage.Question：在托福阅读中，为什么不论插入题出现在文章的那个位置，这种题都位于总结题之前,存在于倒数第二题的位置呢?ETS是一个很人性化的机构,如果这类题出现在前几道题的位置,选错了会对文章的理解造成影响,影响做其它题。插入的句子对文章本身的影响有多大？和几句话相关？如果和前后两句话都相关,是不是把它拿掉了,就会对文章有较大的影响？只需要找出待插入的句子跟前后某一句话的逻辑联系即可。英语句子间的衔接手法(cohesivedevices)该题型重点考查英文句子间的逻辑语义关系，即英文中句子与句子是如何衔接在一起的。Cohesivedevices1.代词(Pronouns)具体包括人称代词、指示代词和关系代词等（personal,demonstrative,relative,etc）。在上下句的关联中，代词是最为紧密的一类词。当作者再次谈及上句相关话题时，为了避免重复，遵循语言学的最简单化原理，作者会用代词指代该话题词。例：Speakingaforeignlanguageisanenormousassetinthemodernworld.Thisiswhysomanyjuniorhighschoolsarenowofferinglanguageclasses.Today'steachersarefacedwithastarkchoice.Theymustdecidewhethertoteachinawaythathelpsstudentpassstandardizedexamsorteachinawaythatactuallyhelpsstudentslearn.Cohesivedevices2.定冠词the+名词(specificarticles+nouns)名词所指对象第一次出现时，用不定冠词a连接，当后句再次提及该名词对象时，为了表示它和前一句名词是同一关系，会用定冠词the引出。例如：Awomaniswalkingintoourclassroom.Thewomanisourteacher.Cohesivedevices3.重复话题词或同义近义改写(Repetition,synonym,orslightvariationofaword)上下句的衔接也可以通过重复话题词实现，或者是对该话题词进行相关改写。例如:Tofosterhealthyrelationshipsbetweenchildreninaclassroom,teachersshouldprovidetimeforgamesandfunactivities.Havinghealthyrelationshipswiththeirpeershelpschildrengainconfidenceusefulinotherpartsoftheirlives.(重复话题词)Beforechoosingapublicorprivateschoolfortheirchildren,parentsshouldtakeintoaccountthecost.Thepriceofaprivateschoolisusuallymuchhigherthanthatofapublicschool.(话题词同义改写)Cohesivedevices4.过渡性词和词组(Transitionalphrases/transitionaladverbs)上面讲到的三种句间关系属于隐性关系。隐性关系通过上下句的语义关系体现。现在，我们要讲的是句子间的显性关系，即通过明显的逻辑连词或副词来体现句间关系。这些显性关系词包括以下类别。4.1时间关系then,next,later,finally,etc.4.2因果关系therefore,consequently,asaresult,etc.4.3转折关系however,but,yet,nevertheless,ontheotherhand,etc.4.4解释关系thatis,inotherwords,etc.4.5举例关系forinstance,forexamplePeersandoldersiblingshaveamajorinfluenceonhowschoolchildrenbehave.Forinstance,youngchildrenoftenrepeatbadwordstheyhearfromtheirfriendsorbrothersandsisters.解题步骤4stepsS1:阅读待插入句子并找到衔接或指代词S2:在段落中找到跟待插入句子衔接符合逻辑的句子或找到指代对象S3:插入S4:检查插入后上下文逻辑关系是否合理解题思路思路1指代词出现往前看思路2连接词转折词看两边思路3总起总结句要不割裂，能概括解题思路Suggestion1在段落之前的空，一般为错，因为每段的中心都在第一句，如果把第一句改变了，也就改变句意了Suggestion2空后有代词they，it的，一般是不对的。（因为代词不能跨句，如果在代词前面加一句话，就会改变代词的指代对象。但是有例外存在，比如一段中只有一个主语。）Suggestion3优先考虑段落最后的空。（因为放在最末尾，对文章内容影响小。）Example1:Extinctbutalreadyfullymarinecetaceansareknownfromthefossilrecord.■Howwasthegapbetweenawalkingmammalandaswimmingwhalebridged?■Missinguntilrecentlywerefossilsclearlyintermediate,ortransitional,betweenlandmammalsandcetaceans.■Veryexcitingdiscoverieshavefinallyallowedscientiststoreconstructthemostlikelyoriginsofcetaceans.■In1979,ateamlookingforfossilsinnorthernPakistanfoundwhatprovedtobetheoldestfossilwhale.Thisisaquestionthathaspuzzledscientistsforages.4stepsS1:阅读待插入句子并找到衔接或指代词S2:在段落中找到跟待插入句子衔接符合逻辑的句子或找到指代对象S3:插入S4:检查插入后上下文逻辑关系是否合理Vocabulary1.extinctadj.:(espofatypeofanimal,etc)nolongerinexistence2.bridgeagap:(a)fillanawkwardoremptyspace;(b)reducethedistance(betweenwidelycontrastinggroups)3.mammal:anyoftheclassofanimalsthatgivebirthtoliveoffspringandfeedtheiryoungonmilkfromthebreast4.intermediate:(a)situatedorcomingbetweentwopeople,things,etcintime,space,degree,etc;(b)betweenelementaryandadvanced5.transitional:过渡的6.reconstruct：constructorbuildagain,afterdamage；createagain(sththathasexistedorhappened)byusingevidenceorimagination7.origin：starting-point;sourceExample2:▇Theraisingoflivestockisamajoreconomicactivityinsemiaridlands,wheregrassesaregeneralthedominanttypeofnaturalvegetation.▇Theconsequencesofanexcessivenumberoflivestockgrazinginanareaarethereductionofthevegetationcoverandthetramplingandpulverizationofthesoil.▇Thisisusuallyfollowedbythedryingofthesoilandacceleratederosion.▇Thiseconomicrelianceonlivestockincertainregionsmakeslargetractsoflandsusceptibletoovergrazing.4stepsS1:阅读待插入句子并找到衔接或指代词S2:在段落中找到跟待插入句子衔接符合逻辑的句子或找到指代对象S3:插入S4:检查插入后上下文逻辑关系是否合理Vocabulary1.raise:bringup(achild,etc);breed(farmanimals);groworproduce(crops)2.livestock:animalskeptonafarmforuseorprofit,egcattleorsheep3.arid:(oflandorclimate)havinglittleornorainfall;dry4.dominant:mostimportantorprominent5.vegetation:plantsingeneral6.consequence:thingthatisaresultoraneffectofsthelse7.excessive:greaterthanwhatisnormalornecessary;extreme8.graze:(ofcattle,sheep,etc)eatgrowinggrass9.trample:treadheavilyonsth/sbsoastocausedamageordestruction10.pulverize:grindorsmash(sth)topowderordust11.accelerate:make(sth)movefasterorhappenearlier;increasethespeedof12.reliance:confidenceortrustinsb/sth13.tract:largestretchorareaofland14.susceptible:easilyinfluencedorharmedbysthExample3:Before1815manufacturingintheUnitedStateshadbeendoneinhomesorshopsbyskilledartisans.▇Asmastercraftworkers,theyimpartedtheknowledgeoftheirtradestoapprenticesandjourneymen.▇Inaddition,womenoftenworkedintheirhomespart-time,makingfinishedarticlesfromrawmaterialsuppliedbymerchantcapitalists.▇After1815thisolderformofmanufacturingbega