Sovereigns日国际特别报告主权信用复评全球性冲击使新兴市场增幅放缓•新兴市场正遭受三大全球性冲击:世界顶尖“发达”经济体的衰退;资本与资金的逆向流动;以及商品生产商所面临的出口价格的急剧下跌。当前,出口需求与商品价格突然大幅下降,3000亿美元的国外借款将于明年到期,国际资本难于获得且成本提高,在这一背景下,新兴市场经济体已着手大幅放慢增长幅度。2007年,新兴市场经济体的经济规模增长超过7%;今年上半年这一比率也在6%以上;但据惠誉公司预测,2009年新兴市场的经济规模增长率将仅为2.5%。•以雷曼兄弟公司破产事件为发端,从新兴市场经济体资本及金融市场的大规模资金外流已经开始危及其主权资产负债表及信用。九月份以来,新兴市场的国际储备减少了近3600亿美元(与峰值相比跌幅约为15%,中国除外),尤其是俄国、印度与韩国,而且据预测还将进一步下跌。此外,由于预算及外部融资的减少,许多经济体对本国货币与资产的信心受挫,使反制经济周期的财政政策与货币政策难以发挥作用。•当前银行信贷的快速增长导致账户出现高额赤字,在这一背景下,尤其是中欧与东欧的新兴经济体将存在风险。然而,其他地区的经济体也无法逃脱本国“信贷紧缩”的噩运,因为其国外母体与跨国银行减少了新借款的发放,而且国际资本市场实际上仍处于关闭状态。欧洲新兴市场的评级展望以负面居多,与此同时,厄瓜多尔、牙买加和委内瑞拉等中南美国家被降级,印度(仅限于本国货币信用评级)、韩国、泰国与越南等亚洲国家的评级展望也呈负面状态。•在全球衰退严重、商品价格急剧下跌及资本流动突然减缓的情形下,“新兴市场”存在一种系统性的经济危机和金融危机,其风险是实质性的,且在不断升级。对金融领域进行扶持的主权信用影响•在“发达”经济体中,为了扶持金融领域,主权干预所耗费的总财政成本超过1.6万亿美元(其中1万亿美元是由美国政府当局独立支付的),几乎相当于GDP总额的4%。尽管付出的成本如此之高,但不足以危及主权信用。而对于新兴市场而言,对金融领域的扶持则会对其主权信用带来较大的风险,主要是因为流动性的注入几乎都是针对外币的,从而在私人部门的资产负债表中出现了货币错配的现象。这就表明,即使是在理论上“自由浮动”的汇率体制之下,中央银行也必须对汇率加以重视。•虽然如此,对于金融领域的支持降低了发达经济体吸收其它不利冲击的能力。随着经济体陷入进一步的衰退之中,自由选择的周期性财政平缓政策将会大大增加政府的债务负担。如果不通过政策措施予以纠正,那么公共财政的结构性恶化将会逐渐削弱人们对于中期财政可持续性,进而,对主权信用及评级的信心水平。作者DavidRiley+442074176338david.riley@fitchratings.comAndresKlaar+442074176284andres.klaar@fitchratings.comDouglasRenwick+442074174237douglas.renwick@fitchratings.com拉美地区TheresaPaizFredel‐+12129080534theresa.paiz@fitchratings.com亚太地区JamesMcCormack+85222639925james.mccormack@fitchratings.com新兴欧洲市场EdParker+442074176340ed.parker@fitchratings.com中东及非洲RichardFox+442074174357richard.fox@fitchratings.com全球经济BrianCoulton+442078624097brian.coulton@fitchratings.comPurviHarlalka+442074176318purvi.harlalka@fitchratings.com相关研究z新兴市场的评级观察,2008年11月10月z全球经济展望,2008年11月4日z金融危机的主权信用含义,2008年10月8日z银行系统风险报告,2008年10月21日Sovereigns 17December2008 International Special Report SovereignReview Emerging Markets Buffeted by Global Shocks·Emergingmarketsarebeinghitbythreemajorglobalshocks:recessionintheworld’sleading‘advanced’economies;reversalofcapitalandfinancialflows;andforcommodityproducers,asuddenanddramaticdeclineinexportprices.Againstthebackdropofsharplylowerexportdemandandcommodityprices,asmuchasUSD300bnofforeignborrowingmaturingoverthenextyear,andreducedavailabilityandhighercostofinternationalcapital,emergingmarketeconomiesaresettoslowsharply.FitchRatingsforecaststhatemergingmarketeconomieswillexpandbyjust2.5%in2009,comparedtomorethan7%in2007andapaceof6+%inthefirsthalfofthisyear.·ThescaleofthecapitalandfinancialmarketoutflowsfromemergingmarketsintheaftermathofthefailureofLehmanBrothershasalreadybeguntoerodesovereignbalancesheetsandcreditworthiness.EmergingmarketinternationalreserveshavefallenbyaroundUSD360bnsinceSeptember(around15%fromtheirpeak,excludingChina),mostnotablyforRussia,IndiaandKorea,andfurtherdeclinesareforecast.Moreover,thescopeforcounter‐cyclicalfiscalandmonetarypoliciesisconstrainedbythereducedavailabilityofbudgetaryandexternalfinancingandinmanyeconomiesfragileconfidenceinlocalcurrenciesandassets.·TheemergingeconomiesofCentralandEasternEuropeareespeciallyatriskgivenlargecurrentaccountdeficitsfuelledbyrapidbankcreditgrowth.However,economiesinotherregionsarenotimmunefromadomestic‘creditcrunch’asforeignparentandinternationalbankscurtailnewlendingandinternationalcapitalmarketsremaineffectivelyclosed.WhilenegativeratingactionshavebeenpredominatelyinEmergingEurope,Ecuador(to‘RestrictedDefault’),JamaicaandVenezuelahaverecentlybeendowngradedwhileinAsia,India(LocalCurrencyRatingonly),Korea,ThailandandVietnamareonNegativeOutlook.·Giventheseverityoftheglobalrecessionandsuddennessofthedeclineincommoditypricesandcapitalflows,theriskofasystemic‘emergingmarket’economicandfinancialcrisisismaterialandrising.SovereignImplicationsofFinancialSectorSupport·Thegrossfiscalcostofsovereigninterventioninsupportoffinancialsectorsin‘advanced’economiesexceedsUSD1.6trn(USD1trncommittedbytheUSauthoritiesalone),equivalenttoalmost4%ofaggregateGDP.Thoughsubstantial,thecosthasnotbeensogreatastoimperilsovereigncreditworthiness.Financialsectorsupportposesmoreofarisktoemergingmarketsovereignshowever,largelybecauseliquidityinjectionsarepredominatelyinforeigncurrencyandcurrencymismatchesinprivatesectorbalancesheetsmeanthatcentralbankscannotbeindifferenttotheexchangerate,evenundernotionally‘freefloating’regimes.·Nonetheless,supportforthefinancialsectorhasreducedfiscalcapacityinadvancedeconomiestoabsorbfurtheradverseshocks.Discretionaryandcyclicalfiscaleasingaseconomiesfalldeeperintorecessionwillsubstantiallyaddtogovernmentdebtburdens.Structuraldeteriorationinpublicfinances,ifnotcorrectedbypolicyaction,wouldundermineconfidenceinmedium‐termfiscalsustainabilityandhencesovereigncreditworthinessandratings. Contributors DavidRiley+442074176338david.riley@fitchratings.comAndresKlaar+442074176284andres.klaar@fitchratings.comDouglasRenwick+442074174237douglas.renwick@fitchratings.comLatinAmericaTheresaPaiz‐Fredel+12129080534theresa.paiz@fitchratings.comAsia‐PacificJamesMcCormack+85222639925james.mccormack@fitchratings.comEmergingEuropeEdPa