1文学作品赏析讲座课件通过作品找意境,让文学欣赏课升华至文化课,让我们的学生成为自己的主人。HowtoAppreciatePoetryComponentsofAPoem:1.content2.theme3.rhythm(meterandfoot)4.rhyme5.typesofverse/poeticstyle6.image3.Rhythm(meterandfoot)一.节奏与格律Rhythm节奏:轻重声音的有规则排列就是节奏.Metre格律:诗的节奏的具体模式抑扬格:v↗iambiciambus扬抑格:↗vtrochaictrochee抑抑扬格:vv↗anapaesticanapaest扬抑抑格:↗vvdactylicdactyl扬扬格:↗↗Spondaicfoot,spondee(扬抑格=长短格)1.We’lllearn︱apoem︱byKeats.V↗V↗V↗2.Lifeisbutanemptydream.↗v↗v↗v↗3.IammonarchofallIsurvey.vv↗vv↗vv↗4.undertheblossomthathangsonthebough.↗vv↗vv↗vv↗一首诗的格律由其大多数诗行的格律所决定的。二.Foot音步:英诗的节奏单位是音步是诗行中按一定规律出现的轻音节和重音节的不同组合而成的韵律的最小单位。轻重音节是形成英语特有的抑扬顿挫声韵节律的决定性因素。Types:monometer一音步dimeter二音步trimeter三音步tetrameter四音步pentameter五音步hexameter六音步heptameter七音步octameter八音步quatrain四行节诗,韵律一般为:abab,abba.三.格律与音步1.抑扬格:v↗iambus;iambicfoot即轻重格或短长格,一轻读音节后跟一个重读音节构成抑扬格。它是英语最基本的节奏单位,也是英诗最重要、最常用的音步。随便说一句话,其基本音步就是抑扬格。We’lllearn︱apoem︱byKeats.V↗V↗V↗(一些著名的英诗都是抑扬格,如民谣,十四行诗,哀歌,双韵体等。)22.扬抑格:↗vtrochee;trochaicfoot即重轻格或短长格,由一个重读音节后跟一个轻读音节构成。Lifeis︱butan︱empty︱dream.↗v↗v↗v↗William︱Morris︱taughthim︱English.︱↗v↗v↗v↗3.抑抑扬格:vv↗anapaest;anapaesticfoot由两个轻读音节后跟一个重读音节组成。Wewillgo.vv↗Iammon︱archofall︱Isurvey.vv↗vv↗vv↗I’vebeenwor︱kinginChi︱naforfor︱tyyears.vv↗vv↗v↗4.扬抑抑格:↗vvdactyl;dactylicfoot由一个重音节后跟两个轻读音节组成,这种音步听来像命令宣言,多用在格言、警句,谚语中。Yesterday,happily,thoroughly,merrilyWhatisnow︱provedwasonce︱onlyim︱agined.︱undertheblossomthathangsonthebough.↗vv↗vv↗vv↗Thinkinthe︱morning.︱Actinthe︱noon.︱Eatinthe︱evening.︱Sleepinthe︱night.5.扬扬格:↗↗spondee;Spondaicfoot由连续两个重音节组成,表现沉重、缓慢、困难的动作或情绪;也用表现感情的突然变化或强调语气。此音步也主要与其它音步合用,很少有扬扬格为主的诗。Morehaste,︱lessspeed.︱四.音步划分如何划分音步呢?首先要初步读懂诗,至少要看懂诗的大意,并根据理解进行朗读或默读,然后按实际读出的音划分出重音音节和轻读音节,必要时还有次重音節﹔最后找出占多数的音步,进行归纳划分。一般来说,实词(包括名词、动词、副词等),要重读;虚词(包括连词、冠词、介词等),要轻读。但实词轻读,虚词重读的情況也不少。切忌按固定的框框去硬套;如,知道十四行诗多是抑扬格,于是见到十四行诗就按抑扬格划分音步,甚至照照这样的划法来理解诗意和朗读,就本末倒置了,因为在实际应用中会出现许多变化。4.Rhyme押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。1.尾韵:最常见,最重要的押韵方式。1)联韵:aabb型。Ishotanarrowintotheair,Itfelltoearth,Iknewnotwhere;For,soswiftlyitflew,thesightCouldnotfollowitinitsflight.---HenryWadsworthLongfellow:TheArrowandtheSong2)交叉韵:abab型。Sunsetandeveningstar,Andoneclearcallforme!Andmaytherebenomoaningofthebar,WhenIputouttosea,3---AlfredTennyson(1809-1892):CrossingtheBar渡沙洲3)同韵:有的诗押韵,一韵到底,大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。如下例就共用/i:p/为韵脚。Thewoodsarelovely,darkanddeep,ButIhavepromisestokeep,AndmilestogobeforeIsleep,AndmilestogobeforeIsleep.---RobertFrost(1874-1963):StoppingbyWoodsonaSnowyEvening2.头韵:是指一行(节)诗中几个词开头的辅音相同,形成押韵。下例中运用/f/、/b/与/s/头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。Thefairbreezeblew,thewhitefoamflew,Thefurrowfollowedfree,WewerethefirstthateverburstIntothatsilentsea.----T.S.Coleridge:RimeoftheAcientMariner3.内韵(同元音):指词与词之间原因的重复形成的内部押韵。下面一节诗中/i/及/iη/重复照应,呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。Spring,thesweetspring,istheyear’spleasantking;Thenbloomseachthing,thenmaidsdanceinaring,Colddathnotsting,theprettybirdsdosing:Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!----ThomasNashe(1567-1601):Spring,theSweetSpringPoetryAppreciationTypesofVersea.民间歌谣(Ballad)b.抒情诗(Dramaticlyric)c.哀歌,挽歌(Elegy)d.史诗(Epic)e.婚礼颂歌(Epithalamium)f.意象诗(Imagist)g.改变自古代抒情歌曲的诗,仍可吟唱的诗体(Lyric)h.敘事诗(Narrative)i.以暗喻手法写成的哲理诗(Metaphysical)j.赋(Ode)k.田园牧歌(Pastoral)1.十四行诗(Sonnet),源于中世纪民间抒情短诗,十三、十四世纪流行于意大利,意大利彼特拉克(Petrarch)为代表人物,每行十一个音节,全诗一节八行,加一节六行,韵脚用abba,abba,cdcdcd(cdecde)。前八行提问,后六行回答。后来,怀亚特(ThomasWyatt,1503-1542)将十四行诗引人英国,五音步抑扬格,全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问,后二句结论。斯宾塞(EdmundSpenser,1552-1599)用韵脚abab,bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亚(WilliamShakespeare,1564-1616)用韵脚bab,cdcd,dfdf,gg,称英国式或莎士比亚式。2.打油诗(Limericks):五行打油诗:通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌,一般没有标题也无作者姓名,含有幽默讽刺性,常运用双关,内韵等手法。每首诗五个诗行,押韵为aabba,格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。3.无韵体(BlankVerse):五音步抑扬格,不押韵诗体。4.自由诗(FreeVerse):现代诗中常见的体式,长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中,不讲究押韵与格律,4只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。美国诗人WaltWhitman的草叶集(LeavesofGrass)中,就采用此格式。例子见第四部分。2.打油诗(Limericks):TherewasayoungladyofNiggerWhosmiledassherodeonatiger;TheyreturnedfromtherideWiththeladyinside,Andthesmileonthefaceofthetiger.3.无韵体(BlankVerse):五音步抑扬格,不押韵诗体。Acrossthewaterybale,andshoutagain,Responsivetohiscall,--withquiveringpeals,Andlonghalloos,andscreams,andechoesloud.Redoubledandredoubled:concoursewildOfjocunddin!…-----WilliamWordsworth:ThereWasaBoy4.自由诗(FreeVerse)SongofMyselfIcelebratemyself,andsingmyself,AndwhatIassumeyoushallassume,Foreveryatombelongingtomeasgoodbelongstoyou.Iloafeandinvitemysoul,Ilearnandloafeatmyeaseobservingaspearofsummergrass.Mytongue,everyatomofmyblood,form’dfromthissoil,thisair,Bornhereofparentsbornherefromparentsthesame,andtheirparentsthesame,I,nowthirtysevenyearsoldinperfecthealthbegin,Hopingtoceasenottilldeath.Creedsandschoolsinabeyance,Retiringbackawhilesufficedatwhattheyare,butneverforgotten.Iharborforgoodorbad,Ipermittospeakateveryhazard.Naturewithoutcheckwithoriginalenergy.Notes:aspearof:apieceofschool:学说,流hazard:chanceabeyance:theconditionofnotbeinginuseforacertaintime.惠特曼(WaltWhitman,1819-1892),美国诗人。此诗选自其巨著草叶集。本文是SongofMyself一诗的第一部分,采用自由诗体,语言接近当时的美国口语。文中I指作者,you指读者,这种写法使读者身临其境,进入作者描写的世界。作者在文中表明人的价值是平等的,同时他把自己融入到自然带给他