Unit2AAmericaisexperiencingamajorepidemictoday.现今美国正在经历一场重要的流行病。Unlikeepidemicsofthepast,itisnotadiseasetransmittedbybacteriaorviruses.不同于过去的流行病,它不是由细菌或病毒传染的疾病。Thisepidemicisanincreaseindiseasesandproblemsrelatedtostress,andittouchesallofourlives.这个流行病的增加是与压力有关的疾病和问题引起的,它涉及我们生活的方方面面。In1900theaveragelifeexpectancyinthiscountrywas47,andthemajorkillerdiseasesincludedtuberculosispneumonia,influenza,cholera,typhoid,andsmallpox——infectiousdiseaseswhichstruckpeopleofallages,regardlessoftheirlifestyle.1900年,这个国家的平均预期寿命为47岁,其主要致命疾病包括肺结核肺炎,流行性感冒,霍乱,伤寒,天花-这些传染性疾病袭击了所有年龄层的人,不管他们的生活方式怎样。Today,ontheotherhand,lifeexpectancyhasbeenextendedto74,thanksinlargeparttotheconquestoftheacuteinfectiousdiseasethroughimprovedsanitation,betterdistributionandstorageoffoods,andtheintroductionofimmunizationandantibiotics.如今,在另一方面,预期寿命已延长至74岁,这在很大程度上是由于对于急性传染病的征服,通过改善卫生条件,更好地分配和储存食物,以及引进免疫方法和抗生素。Peopletodayaredyingofdifferentdiseasesthantheydidattheturnofthe20thcentury,andtheprincipalcausesofdeathtodayareheartdisease,stroke,cancer,cirrhosisoftheliver,anddiabetes.当今人们死于的疾病与20世纪初不同,现在死亡的主要原因是心脏病,中风,癌症,肝硬化,糖尿病等。Thesenoninfectious,chronicdiseaseshavebeenshowntobedirectlyrelatedtothewaywelive,andoneofthedominantfactorsintheirdevelopmentisstress——anelementofmodernlifewhichistakinganincreasingtollonourphysicalandmentalwell-being.这些非传染性,慢性疾病已被证明是与我们的生活方式有直接联系的,使其发展的主要因素之一是压力——这一现代生活元素,正对我们的身体和精神健康造成越来越严重的危害。Technicallyspeaking,stressisaphysiologicalstateofthebody,astateofarousalinresponsetoaperceiveddangerorthreat.从技术上来说,压力是机体对感知到的危险或威胁反应而表现的一种生理性兴奋状态。Weareallfamiliarwiththephysicalsignsandsymptomsofthestressstate.我们都熟悉压力状态下的身体信号和症状。Thinkabouthowyoufeltthatlasttimeyouhadtoswervetoavoidacollisionwhichdriving:yourheartraced,yourpalmsbecamesweaty,yourmusclestensed,andyourstomachknotted.想想你上一次在驾驶时突然转向以避免碰撞是何感觉:你的心狂跳起来,你的手掌变得多汗,你的肌肉紧张,而你的心也揪在一起了。Suchacombinationofsensationsistheresultofacomplexphysicalchainreactionwhichoccursinyourbodyinresponsetoathreat.这种感觉的结合是一个复杂的身体连锁反应的结果,出现在你的身体对威胁做出反应的时候。Thesechangesareuniversalandpredictable,andtheyhappentoeveryone.这些变化是普遍的并且可以预见的,可以发生在每一个人身上。Ourprehistoricancestors,uponencounteringadangerousanimalinthewild,wouldhavefeltexactlythesameresponseastheirbodiesswitchedintoastress-induced“high-gear”todealwiththeemergency.我们的史前祖先,一旦在野外意外地遇见危险动物,就会感受到完全一样的反应,当他们的身体转入一种紧张引起的“高速挡”,以应对紧急状况。PhysiologistWalterCannon,backinthe1920s,labeledthisreactionthefight-or-flightresponse.生理学家沃尔特坎农,追溯到20世纪20年代,把这种反应称为打或逃跑反应。Asthetermimplies,theoriginalpurposeofthefight-or-flightresponsewastopreparethebodytorespondeitherbyfightingtheenemy,orbyfleeing.这个术语暗示,战或逃跑反应的最初目的是准备让身体作出反应,要么对抗敌人,要么逃离。Whethertheprimitivehuntersucceededinkillingthemountainlionorinrunningawayfromit,theresultwasthesame:oncethethreatwasresolved,thebodycouldrelax,eventuallyreturningtoitsnormalbaselinefunctioning.无论是成功杀死美洲狮或远离它的原始猎人,其结果是一样的:一旦威胁得到解决,身体能放松,最终恢复到自身正常的基础运作状态。Interestinglyenough,situationswhichprovokethefight-or-flightresponsearenotnecessarilyunpleasantones.非常有趣的是,引起战或逃跑反应的情况发生并不必然是不愉快的。Pleasantexperiences,iftheyaresufficientlyintense,canproducethesamecombinationofphysiologicalsymptoms.愉快的经验,如果它们足够的强烈,可以产生相同组合的生理症状。Whenyourbosstellsyouthathe’srecommendedyouforapromotion,youaremostlikelyexperiencingsomeofthesamephysiologicalresponsesthatyouexperiencewhenyouswervetoavoidatrafficaccident:sweatypalms,racingheart,changesinbreathing.当你的老板告诉你,他已经推荐你晋升,你是最有可能体验到一些与当你拐弯去避免一宗交通意外所产生的相同的生理反应:手心出汗,心跳加速,呼吸的变化。Pleasantorunpleasant,it’stheintensityoftheexperiencethatproducesthestress.愉快或不愉快的,取决于产生压力的感觉的强度。Dr.HansSelye,anendocrinologistwhoseground-breakingresearchwasamajorcontributiontoourunderstandingofstress,definedstressasthenonspecificorgeneralresponseofthebodytoanydemandmadeuponittoreadjust.汉斯薛利医生,一名内分泌学家,其开创性研究在我们对压力的理解上是一个重大的贡献,把压力定义为身体根据它的任何需要作出重新调整的非特异性或一般应激反应。Selyeemphasizedthatstressisnotnecessarilysomethingtobeavoided.薛利强调,压力是不可避免的。Itisanaturalpartofourlives;anynormalactivity,pleasantorunpleasant,producessomedegreeofstress.它是我们生命自然的一部分,任何正常活动,愉快或不愉快,都会产生一些程度的压力。AsSelyesaid“Theabsenceofstressisdeath.”正如薛利说的:“没有压力是死亡。Justasstresspreparedprimitivemantoconfrontthefightwithhisenemyortorunaway,soinmodernlifeithelpstheathletetoachievepeakperformanceortheexecutivetomeetimpossibledeadlines.“正像原始人因压力做好面对敌人是斗争或是逃跑的准备一样,在现代生活中它也可以帮助运动员达到最佳表现或主管人员处理不可能的最后期限。Undersuchcircumstances,stresscanbeaveryusefulresponse,contributingtoheightenedachievementandagreatersenseofpersonalsatisfaction.在这种情况下,压力可以是一个非常有用的反应,有助于提高成绩和个人满足感。Whenstressisassociatedwithsuchapositiveexperience,Selyecallediteustress(somethingalsocalledprostress);whenitbecomesunpleasantordamaging,itiscalleddistress.当这种压力是与一种积极的经验有联系时,薛利称之为好的压力(也被称为积极压力),当它变得不愉快或具破坏性时,它被称为不好的压力。Eventsthatprovokestressareknownasstressors.引起压力的事件被称为压力源。It’seasytoidentifymanysuchtriggersofstressinourdailylives.在我们的日常生活中,识别许多这样的压力源是容易的。Somesourcesofstresscanbeclassifiedasenvironmental:weatherchanges,temperature,noise,airpollution,crowding,anduncomfortablelivingorworkspacecanallhaveaninfluenceonyourstresslevel.有些压力源同环境一样可被归类为:天气变化,温度,噪音,空气污染,