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1Unit1Book3FriendshipI.DifficultSentences1.Whenweapproachthenotionoffriendship,ourfirstproblemisthatthereisalackofsociallyacknowledgedcriteriaforwhatmakesapersonafriend.(1)Whatare“sociallyacknowledgedcriteria”?(=“Sociallyacknowledgedcriteria”areestablishedstandardsthatareacceptedbyallthepeopleinthesociety.)(2)Translatethissentence.(=我们探讨友谊这个概念时，遇到的第一个问题是，没有社会公认的择友标准。)2.Inonesetting,wemaydescribesomeoneasafriend;inanother,thelabelmayseemlessappropriate.Whatdoesthissentenceimply?(=Thecriteriaforfriendshipvaryfromsettingtosetting.)3.Theytakepleasureineachother’scompanyonlyinsofarastheyhavehopesofadvantagefromit.(1)Dotheyenjoybeingtogetherpurelybecausetheylikeeachother?(=No,theyaretogetherjustbecausetheyexpecttobenefitfromtheirrelationship.)(2)Translatethissentence.(=只有当他们认为彼此有希望相互利用的时候，才会乐于呆在一起。)4.Friendshipbetweentheyoungisthoughttobegroundedonpleasure,becausethelivesoftheyoungareregulatedbytheirfeelings,andtheirchiefinterestsareintheirownpleasureandtheopportunityofthemoment.(1)Whatdoyoungpeoplecaremostwhenmakingfriends?(=Theycaremostabouttheirownfeelings,theirownpleasureandwhetherthereisanimportantopportunityatthepresenttime.)(2)Translatethissentence.(=年轻人之间的友谊常被看作是建立在愉悦基础之上的，因为年轻人的生活受感情支配，他们感兴趣的主要是自己的快乐和眼前的重要机会。)5.Thatiswhytheyfallinandoutoffriendshipquickly,changingtheirattitudeoften,evenwithinthesameday.Whatcanweinferfromthissentence?(=Youngpeople’sfriendshipistemporary,becausetheattitudetheyholdtofriendshipisalwayschanging.)6.Onlythefriendshipofthosewhoaregood,andsimilarintheirgoodness,isperfect.(1)Whatdoesthissentenceimply?(=Perfectfriendshipexistsonlybetweenpeoplewhoareequallygood.)2(2)Translatethissentence.(=只有那些品德高尚而且拥有相似美德的人之间的友谊才是完美的。)7.Itisbetweengoodmenthatbothloveandfriendshiparechieflyfoundandinthehighestform.Paraphrasethissentence.(=Loveandfriendshiparemainlyfoundbetweengoodpeopleandtheloveandfriendshipareofthebestquality.)8.Andnotwopersonscanaccepteachotherandbecomefriendsuntileachhasprovedtotheotherthatheisworthyoflove,andsowonhistrust.(1)Howcantwopersonsbecomerealfriends?(=Onlywheneachhasprovedthathedeservestheloveoftheotherandthushaswontheother’strust.)(2)Translatethissentence.(=只有当两个人互相证明自己值得爱并赢得对方的信任之后，彼此方能接受对方为朋友。)9.Hefurtherdefines“thegood”as“thosewhoseactionsandlivesleavenoquestionastotheirhonor,purity,equity,andliberality;whoarefreefromgreed,lust,andviolence;andwhohavethecourageoftheirconvictions.”(1)Whatdoestheexpression“havethecourageoftheirconvictions”mean?(=Itmeans“bebraveenoughtosayandactonwhattheythinkisrighteventhoughotherpeoplemaynotagreeorapprove.”)(2)Translatethissentence.(=他进而将“好人”定义为“那些行为和生活无损于自己的荣誉、纯洁、公平和开明的人；那些摆脱了贪婪、欲念和暴力的人；那些敢于依照自己的信念说话和做事的人。”)10.…andtheymustshareacommitmenttothegood.Paraphrasethissentence.(=…andtheybothmustdevotethemselvestopursuingwhatismorallyrightorworthyofpraise.)II.WordsandExpressions1.notion:n.anidea,belieforconcept*Ourmanagementsystemisbasedonthenotionsofpersonalequalityandliberty.我们的管理体系是基于人的平等、自由观念而建立的。(=Shehasnonotionofthedifficultyofthisproblem.)CF.idea,concept¬ion这些名词均有“思想”、“观点”、观念”之意。idea最普通，几乎适用于任何方面的思维活动。concept指从众多实例中通过概括、归纳而形成的对事物本质、全貌及其内部联系的比较系3统的概念或看法。notion指的是一种模糊的、变化莫测的想法，无可靠的基础，是未经深思熟虑的、甚至让人觉得荒谬的观点。(Directions:)Fillintheblankswiththewordsabove.Changetheformwherenecessary.(1)Sheseemedunfamiliarwiththe______thateveryoneshouldhaveanequalopportunity.(=concept)(2)Ihaveno_____howshemanagedtodothis.(=idea/notion)(3)Ihadasilly_____thathewouldcomebackandbegmeforforgiveness.(=notion)(4)Don'tgetany_____aboutrevenge.(=ideas)2.criterion:n.standardbywhichsth.isjudged*Thecompany’scriterionforsuccessishighsales.对一些出版商而言，评判一本书是否畅销的标准是长度而非内容。(=Tosomepublishers,thecriterionofabookwhichwillsellwellislengthratherthancontent.)CF.standard&criterion这两个名词均含“标准”之意。standard指公认为决定事物质量或人的品质的准则或原则。例如：*Allrestaurantsinthetownwithalowstandardofhygienehavebeenforcedtoclose.城里所有卫生水准低的餐馆都被迫关门了。criterion较正式用词，指判断、批评事物的标准，但不一定制成了规章。例如：*Whatarethecriteriafordecidingwhogetstheprize?评定获奖者以什么作标准。3.appropriate:adj.correctorsuitableforaparticularsituationoroccasion*Suitsarealwaysappropriateforajobinterview.(=HHeHisformalstyleofspeakingwasappropriatetotheoccasion.)4.thin:adj.nothavingthenecessaryqualitiestogaintheintendedresult*Histhinattemptsurelyresultedinnothing.书评家认为她最近写的那部小说没什么意思。(=Thecriticsfoundherlatestnovelratherthin.)5.classical:adj.basedonorbelongingtoanoldorestablishedsystemofprinciplesormethods,e.g.inartorscience*Dressedinballetskirt,shedancedwithaclassicalelegance.他将前往中国去研究中国古典诗歌。(=HeisgoingtoChinatostudyChineseclassicalpoetry.)6.distinguishbetween:recognizedifferencesbetween*Thetwinsaresoalikethatnoonecandistinguishbetweenthem.不能辨别颜色的人称为色盲。(=Peoplewhocannotdistinguishbetweencolorsaresaidtobecolor-blind.)47.utility:n.thequalityorconditionofbeinguseful;usefulness*Farmanimalshaveeconomicvaluebecauseoftheirutility.祖母总是怀疑洗碟机的实用价值。(=Grandmahasalwaysdoubtedtheutilityvalueofadishwasher.)8.ground:n.reason(s)orjustificationforsaying,doingorbelievingsth.*Shecan’taccepthisgroundfordivorce.(=Hehasbeenfiredfromthejobonthegroundsofincompetence.)Patterns:agound/groundsfo