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Unit6download1Unit6InterculturalCommunicationI.DifficultSentences1.Likemostailmentsithasitsowncause,symptoms,andcure.(1)Whatdoes“it”refertointhissentence?(=“It”referstocultureshock.)(2)Intheprevioussentence,theauthorusestheword“disease”,butheretheword“ailments”isused.Whatisthedifferencebetweenthesetwowords?(=Diseaseisageneraltermreferringtoanillnesswhichaffectsaperson,animal,orplant.Ailmentreferstoanillnessthatisnotveryserious.Obviously,cultureshockisnotaseriousphysicaldiseasethatisaffectingone’sbody.Itisjustakindofemotionaldiscomfortusuallyfoundinsomebodywhohasbeensuddenlytransplantedabroad.)(3)TranslatethesentenceintoChinese.(=和大部分疾病一样，这种病有其独特的起因、症状和疗法。)2.…whentoshakehandsandwhattosaywhenwemeetpeople,whenandhowtogivetips,howtogiveorderstoservants,howtomakepurchases,whentoacceptandwhentorefuseinvitations,whentotakestatementsseriouslyandwhennot.(1)Saysomethingmoreabouttheusageof“when/what/how/+infinitive”structure.(=Therearethreepointstorememberwhenyouusethiskindofstructure:First,thisstructureisusedonlyaftersuchEnglishverbsasask,decide,discover,findout,forget,know,learn,remember,see(=understand/perceive),andwonder,etc.;Second,besides“when/what/how”,wordslike“where/which/whether”canalsobeusedinthisstructure;Third,thestructure“whether+infinitive”isusuallyusedafter“wanttoknow”or“wonder.”)Moreexamples:*Ifoundoutwheretobuyfruitcheaply.*Ididn’tknowwhentoswitchthemachineoff.*Iwonderedwhethertowriteorphone.(2)Paraphrase“whentotakestatementsseriouslyandwhennot.”(=whenweshouldbelievethatthesestatementsareworthourattentionandwhenweneedn’tpayattentiontothem)3.Thesecueswhichmaybewords,gestures,facialexpressions,customs,ornormsareacquiredbyallofusinthecourseofgrowingupandareUnit6download2asmuchapartofourcultureasthelanguagewespeakorthebeliefsweaccept.(1)Accordingtothisstatement,whatmakesupourculture?(=Thecuesweacquireindailylife,thelanguagewespeak,andthebeliefsweaccept.)(2)TranslatethesentenceintoChinese.(=这些暗示可以是语言、手势、面部表情、风俗习惯或社会行为标准。我们在成长的过程中获得了这些暗示，就像我们的语言和我们所接受的信仰一样，它们已经成为我们文化的一部分。)4.Allofusdependforourpeaceofmindandourefficiencyonhundredsofthesecues.Whatistheimpliedmeaningofthissentence?(=Withoutthesefamiliarcuessuchaswords,gestures,facialexpressions,customs,ornorms,wewouldprobablygetlostandsufferfromfrustrationandanxiety,andwouldn’tbeabletoworkefficiently.)5.ToanAmericaneverythingAmericanbecomesirrationallyglorified.Dothetwowords“American”inthissentencemeanthesame?(=No,theydon’tmeanthesame.Thefirst“American”isanoun,meaning“someonefromtheUSA,”whilethesecondisusedasanadjective,meaning“relatingtotheUSA.”)6.Thecultureofanypeopleistheproductofhistoryandisbuiltupovertimelargelythroughprocesseswhicharebeyondhisawareness.(1)Whatcanyouinferfromthissentence?(=Culturedevelopsandbuildsupthroughalongbuthardlynoticeableprocess.)(2)TranslatethesentenceintoChinese.(=任何一个民族的文化都是历史的产物，经过漫长的、本民族意识不到的过程才得以积累形成。)7.Tothisattitudewegivethenameethnocentrism,abeliefthatnotonlytheculturebuttheraceandthenationformthecenteroftheworld.(1)Towhatkindofattitudedowegivethenameethnocentrism?(=Wegivethenameethnocentrismtotheattitudethatpeopleregardtheircultureasboththebestandtheonlywayofdoingthings.)(2)Howisethnocentrismdefinedinthissentence?(=Itisabeliefthatnotonlytheculturebuttheraceandthenationformthecenteroftheworld.)(3)Analyzethestructureofthissentence.(=a.Thefirstpartofthissentenceusesthetechniqueoffronting(前置手法).Theregularsentenceorderwouldbe“Wegivethenameethnocentrismtothisattitude”;b.Inthesecondpart,thereisanUnit6download3appositiveclauseusedtomodify“belief,”tellingusthespecificcontentofthis“belief.”)8.Forinstance,ifanAmericandoessomethingoddoranti-socialinaforeigncountrywhichbackhomewouldbeconsideredapurelyindividualact,thisisnowconsideredanationaltrait.(1)Whatcanweinferfromthesentence?(=Peopletendtoattributeallindividualpeculiaritiesasnationalcharacteristics.)(2)TranslatethissentenceintoChinese.(=例如，倘若一个美国人在国外做出怪异的或有悖社会公德的事情，在美国国内的人们会认为这纯属个人行为，但在国外却被视为一种民族特性。)9.Insteadofbeingcensuredasanindividual,hiscountryiscensured.Paraphrasethesentence.(=Hiscountryratherthantheindividualhimselfwouldbeofficiallycriticized.)10.Thistaskaloneisquiteenoughtocausefrustrationandanxiety,nomatterhowskillfullanguageteachersareinmakingiteasyforyou.(1)Whatdoes“it”referto?(=Itreferstotheactoflearninganewlanguage.)(2)TranslatethissentenceintoChinese.(=无论教语言的老师多么擅长于减轻你学习语言的难度，单单学语言这项任务都足以让你焦虑不安、饱受挫折。)11.Attimesitishelpfultobeaparticipantobserverbyjoiningtheactivitiesofthepeople,totrytoshareintheirresponses,whetherthisbeacarnival,areligiousritual,orsomeeconomicactivity.(1)Analyzethestructureofthesecondsentence“whetherthisbeacarnival,areligiousritual,orsomeeconomicactivity.”(=Thissentenceadoptsthesubjunctivemood.Herethethirdpersonsingularpronoun“this”isfollowedby“be”insteadof“is.”Thisisonetypeofpresentsubjective(现在虚拟)whichisoftenusedinclausesofconditionorconcession.Thepresentsubjectivecanalsobefoundincertainexclamationstoexpressawishorhope,veryofteninvolvingsupernaturalpowers.Moreexamples:*Godblessyou!*Longlivethequeen!)(2)TranslatethissentenceintoChinese.(=有时候，参加人们举