有效银行监管的核心原则

CorePrinciplesforEffectiveBankingSupervision有效银行监管的核心原则2WhataretheCorePrinciples?什么是核心原则？•TheCorePrinciplesareasetofsupervisoryguidelinesorprinciplesaimedatprovidingageneralframeworkforeffectivebankingsupervision.TheyareintendedforG-10aswellasnon-G-10countries核心原则是旨在提供有效银行监管总体框架的一套监管指引或原则，该原则主要为十国集团设计，对其他国家也适用•Tobeusedasareferencedocumentbynationalsupervisorsandinternationalinstitutions可供银行监管当局和国际金融机构参考•ContributionoftheBaselCommitteetotheobjectiveof“strengtheningsupervisorystandardsinemerginganddevelopingcountries”是巴塞尔委员会为实现“强化新兴国家和发展中国家监管标准”目标而设计的3WhattheCorePrinciplesarenot核心原则不是•Aremedyforeconomicmismanagement经济管理不善的补救措施•Aguaranteethatnobankwillfail银行不会倒闭的保证•Arigidsetofstandards一套僵化的标准•A“quickfix”一套能立竿见影的标准4TheCorePrinciplescoverabroadrangeoftopics核心原则涉及一系列问题•Preconditionsforeffectivebankingsupervision有效银行监管的先决条件•Licensingprocessandapprovalforchangesinstructure发照程序和结构变化的审批•Arrangementsforongoingbankingsupervision对银行实施持续监管的安排•Formalpowersofsupervisors监管者享有的法定权力•Cross-borderbanking跨境银行业5TheCorePrinciples核心原则•Generalbutcomprehensive具有概括性和全面性•OnmanyissuesexistenceofaBaselCommitteedocument对于许多问题，巴塞尔委员会已有文件•Onotherissuesdocumentscontainingmoredetailedguidancearebeingdeveloped对于其他问题，详细的指引文件正在研究制定6TheCompendium纲要•AcollectionofmostoftheBaselCommittee‘s“live”policypapers收集了绝大部分目前仍然有效的巴塞尔委员会文件•Internet()网址•Isupdatedperiodically定期更新7SupervisorsCanNotDoItAlone!!仅靠监管者并不能做到•Soundandsustainablemacro-economicpolicies良好的可持续的宏观经济政策•Awell-developedpublicinfrastructure完善的公共基础设施•Effectivemarketdiscipline有效的市场规则•Proceduresforefficientresolutionofproblemsinbanks有效解决银行问题的程序•Mechanismsforprovidinganappropriatelevelofsystemicprotection(orpublicsafetynet)提供良好系统保护的机制（或公共安全网）8PreconditionsforEffectiveBankingSupervision:有效银行监管的先决条件•Clearresponsibilitiesandobjectivesforeachagency每个机构都有明确的职责和目标•Operationalindependenceandadequateresources独立运作并有足够的资源•Asuitablelegalframeworkforbankingsupervision合适的银行监管法律框架•Arrangementsforinformation-sharingamongsupervisors监管者信息共享的安排9LicensingProcess发照程序Thelicensingprocessiscriticaltoensuringthatparticipantsinthebankingsystemhavethenecessaryqualifications.Althoughthelicensingprocesscannotguaranteethatabankwillbewellrunafteritopens,itcanbeaneffectivemethodforreducingthenumberofunstableinstitutionsthatenterthebankingsystem.Clearandobjectivecriteriareducethepotentialforpoliticalinterferenceinthelicensingprocess.发照程序对确保银行系统的参与者具备必要的条件至关重要。尽管它不能保证银行开业后的良好运作，但却是减少银行系统中不稳定机构的有效手段。清晰和客观的标准有助于降低发放过程中政治干预的可能性。Supervisorsshouldalsomonitorsignificantchangesinownershipstructureaswellassignificantchangesinactivities(includingacquisitionsandinvestments).监管者在监督重要的业务变化（包括收购和投资）的同时，还应该监督重大的所有权结构的变动。10•Itemstoconsider需要考虑的事项•proposedownershipstructure所有权结构•operatingplan经营计划•suitabilityofdirectorsandseniormanagers(fitandpropertest)合适的董事及高管人员（资格测试）•financialprojections,includingcapital包括资本金在内的财务预测•forforeignbanks,thepriorapprovalofthehomecountrysupervisor对外国银行，首先应获得母国监管当局的批准LicensingProcess发照程序11ArrangementsforOngoingBankingSupervision(SectionIV)持续监管的安排（第四部分）Thissectioncontains16ofthe25principlesandcoverstheessenceofongoingsupervision.Therearethreeprimarycomponents该部分包括16条原则，论述了持续监管的基本内容。主要有以下三个方面：–Prudentialregulationsandrequirements审慎规定及要求–Methodsofongoingbankingsupervision持续监管的手段–Informationrequirements信息要求12PrudentialRegulationsandRequirements审慎规定及要求•Capitaladequacy资本充足率•Creditriskmanagement信用风险管理•Marketriskmanagement市场风险管理•“Other”riskmanagement其他风险管理•Internalcontrols内部控制13MethodsofOngoingBankingSupervision持续监管的手段•On-siteandoff-sitesupervision现场和非现场检查•Regularcontactwithbankmanagement与银行管理层保持经常性接触•Meansofcollecting,reviewingandanalyzingprudentialreportsandstatisticalreturnsonasoloandconsolidatedbasis在单个和并表的基础上收集、评估和分析审慎报告和统计报表的手段•Meansofindependentvalidation独立核实的手段•Abilityofsupervisorstosuperviseconsolidatedentity监管者有能力对集团进行并表监管14InformationRequirements信息要求•Accountingstandards会计准则•Scopeandfrequencyofreporting报告的范围和频率•Confirmationoftheaccuracyofinformationsubmitted确认上报信息的准确性•Disclosure信息披露15FormalPowersofSupervisors(SectionV)监管者的法定权力（第五部分）Bankingsupervisorsmusthaveattheirdisposaladequatesupervisorymeasurestobringabouttimelycorrectiveactionwhenbanksfailtomeetprudentialrequirements,whenthereareregulatoryviolations,orwheredepositorsarethreatenedinanyotherway.银行监管者必须掌握完善的监管手段，以便在银行违背审慎要求、违法违规或者存款人受到威胁时，能够及时采取纠正措施Variouscorrectivemeasures(thepunishmentshouldfitthecrime)不同的纠正措施（惩罚应与罪行相符）–Mild(extrareporting,specialaudits,etc.)温和处理（特别报告，专项审计等）–Morepunitive(fines,replacementofmanagers,suspensionofdividends)更具惩罚性的处理（罚款、更换管理人员、暂停分红）–Revocationoflicense吊销执照16Cross-borderBanking(SectionVI)跨国银行（第六部分）•Obligationsofhomecountrysupervisors母国监管当局的职责•Obligationsofhostcountrysupervisors东道国监管当局的职责–BasedonconceptscontainedintheBaselConcordatandthedocument“Thesupervisionofcross-borderbanking”以巴塞尔协议和“跨国银行监管”等文件中的相关概念为基础17ThechallengeforsupervisorsisQUALITYimplementationoftheCorePrinciples对监管者而言，面临的挑战是如何高质量地实施核心原则•TheCorePrinciplesareprovidingthenecessaryfoundationtoachieveasoundsupervisorysystem核心原则为打造良好的监管系统提供了必要的基础•Localcharac