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1Section1compositionandstructureoftherock1.1CompositionofrockMineralogy（矿物）：Compounds（化合物）：O、Si、Al、Fe、Ca、K、Na、MgandotherCompounds,formedbythesechemicalelementaredefinedMineralogy.Chapter3compositionandcharacteroftherock2Rockisasortofnaturalaggregate（骨架）madeupofoneorseveralmineralswithparticularcombinationstyle.Suchas：granite(花岗岩)iscomposedofquartz、feldspar(长石)andsoon.Rockismadeupofagreatmanyminerals,themostcommonarefeldspar(长石)、quartz(石英)、augite(辉石)、hornblende(角闪石)、glimmer(云母)、olivine(橄榄石)、calcite(方解石)、dolomite(白云石)、gypse(石膏)、graphite(石墨)、pyrite(黄铁矿)andsoon.3石英(quartz)4石英(quartz)Orthoclase（正长石）5方解石(calcite)6方解石(calcite)diamond71.2Assortoftherock(岩石的分类)rockisclassifiedthreetypeaccordingtothediageneticprocess(成岩过程).1、IgneousRock(火成岩)namedmagmaticrock(岩浆岩).Suchas,granite、rhyolite、gabbro、basalt、diorite、andesiteandsoon（花岗岩、流纹岩、辉长岩、玄武岩、闪长岩、安山岩等）.8Oxygen（氧）、silicon（硅）、aluminium（铝）、calcium（钙）、natrium（钠）、kalium（钾）、magnesium（镁）andtitanium（钛）oxygentakeupofabout99%.silicondioxidehasthemostcontent.silicondioxideisdefinedacidic酸性的component;Fe、MgandCaarenamedneutral中性的component;NaandKnamedalkalinity碱性的.9acidicrock,：SiO2（65％），ganite（花岗岩）、rhyolite（流纹岩）alkalinityrock.：SiO2(52%)，gabbro（辉长岩）、basalt（玄武岩）Neutral：diorite（闪长岩）、andesite（安山岩）.Magma(岩浆)canbecomerockatdifferentgeologicenvironment.IntrusiveRocks（侵入岩）ExtrusiveRocks（喷出岩）10dikes岩脉、Surroundingrock围岩Surroundingrock围岩：Thesolidmaterialhasbeeninoriginallyaroundingmagmadikes岩脉：magmaIntrusiveintocracksandcondense11昌乐—临朐火山口奇观：柱状节理aftervolcanicejected,therestinthechannel火山喷发后，在通道内没有喷出的岩浆冷凝收缩后产生的类似于柱体的理。昌乐—临朐火山口奇观：柱状节理12Accordingtothesizeofthegrains,IgneousRockmaybetypifiedtwokindsIgneousRock：(finegrain细粒)and(coarsegrain粗粒)finegrain细粒:ejectedrock（喷出岩）coarsegrain粗粒:Intrusiverock（侵入岩13大规模的多次火山喷发，随着地壳活动的加强，该处不断下降，不断沉积，四周的水逐渐汇聚于这一近圆形的小湖盆中，在山旺这个火山口发育较好，把其他周围小的覆盖，然后盆地不断下沉，不断沉积形成山旺盆地：沉积岩有页岩、硅藻土等14桶状构造的成因，最近比较流行的看法为炽热的岩浆在侵入的过程中，由于受到热梯度、热力场、速度场、涡流强度和边界条件等诸因素的制约，产生无数个应力梯度域，在岩石内部产出隐蔽的破裂纹，后期的张应力则使这些破裂纹明显化，进而形成环状节理发育的圆柱体，将其名为“桶状构造”.从柱体的横断面上看，他有很多同心圆状的环圈和一个内核所组成。这些圆柱体状若垒着的汽油桶，或像一个个的蛋卷.15岩脉的相互切割“四世同堂”16石柱：都发现于泰山，其形状与桶状构造很为相似，其成因跟桶状构造也相似172.SedimentaryRock（沉积岩）intheearth'scrustsurface.coversabout75%areaoftheearthface,averagedepthis2km,almosttheentirearea(averagedepthis1km)ofoceanearth'scrust.layerstructurerock-sedimentaryrock.18SedimentaryrockClassifiedinto3types:sandstone,shale,LimestoneThequantityoftheSandstoneaccountsfor25%intheentireSedimentaryrock.Sandstoneisthemainreservoirforoilandgas.19Shale50％volumeoftheentiresedimentaryrock.ClaymineralistheleadingrockformingmineralforShale.distributionlessthansandstone.finelyandhavelowpermeabilityprotectoil、water、gas.limestonetakingup20%isthethirdimportantsedimentaryrock.it’smainformingmineralsarecalciteanddolomite方解石和白云石.Quartzandfeldsparlessthan10%.20砂岩的交错层理反映出古水流方向：砂岩粒度顺着层系由粗变细，粗的方向为古水流方向21藻叠层石白云岩它的形成：在潮间带，浪很强，藻类为了生存便形成了这种叠层状的形态以抗击浪潮。223.MetamorphicRock（变质岩）metamorphicprocessmetamorphicactionlimestonerecrystallizebiggerandbiggermarbleThereisnooilorgasinmetamorphicrock.23metamorphite244.Rockcycleigneousrocksedimentaryrockmetamorphicrockthegenerationsoftheearth’smotiontransferwitheachotherwiththedevelopmentofgeologicvariation.TheconceptionofrockcycleisfirstlyproposedbyJamesHuttonwhichhas200yearsold.25263.EffectofrockclassificationGenerallyspeaking,rock’sphysicalcharacterisdecidedbyfollowingthreeaspects:（1）Rockconstituentswhichcontainsrockmineralelements、degreeofporosity、saturationstate、interstitialfluidandsoon.（2）Rockinternalstructurethatincludesthesizeofthemineralgrains、shape、cementation、rockfracturesandporosity、otherdiscontinueinterfaces，etc.（3）Rock’sthermodynamicscondition:temperature、pressure、insitestressandsoon.272.1Structureofrock1.StructureofigneousrockIgneousrockisconsistedofcrystalofmineral,thelongeroftimewhichmagmabecamecooltaking,thebiggerofthecrystalofmineral.Section2Structuralfeatureofrockandinfluenceonthestrength282、StructureofsedimentaryrockTwotype:clastic碎屑structurecrystallographic晶体structureClasticrock（碎屑岩）:singlegrains,cemented,heavilypores;kalk钙盐andkiesel硅质clasticrockaretwofamiliarclasticrock.crystalsedimentary:closepackingstructurewithoutporeagoodcapformationforreservior.293.Thestructureofmetamorphicrocktwotype:schistose(片状)structurenon-schistosestructureSchistosestructuremetamorphicrockisinterstratified分层layeroflightandshadecrystalmineralwhichformedbyrecrystaleffectandseparationeffectofmineralathightemperatureandhighpressure.302.2RockStrengthRockstrengthismostlyrestwithmineralstrength,formofconnectingstructure,rockconstructandstructure岩石的结构和整个构造.higherstrengthofthemineralofrock,thehigherstrengthoftherock.Toclasticsedimentaryrock,cementationplaythemostimportantroleforit’sstrengthUsually,cementationshavedifferentcementationstrength:silicon，ferruginouscalciteslime硅质、铁质＞钙质＞泥质31porosity,permeability,compressibility,electro-conductivity,heat-transmissibilityandsoon.Rockisconsistedofmineralandporositybetweenthemineral;usually,theporosityisfilledupbyfluid.Rockisaspecialporousmaterial,anditisalsoamultiphasematerialwhichiscomposedofminera