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英国文学史名词解释Romance:Theromancewasalongcomposition,sometimesinverse,sometimesinprose,describingthelifeandadventuresofanoblehero.ThemedievalromancesweretalesofchivalryoramorousadventureoccurringinKingArthur'scourt.SirGawainandtheGreenKnightisanexampleofamedievalromance.Ballad:Itisastoryinpoeticform,oftenabouttragicloveandusuallysung.Balladswerepasseddownfromgenerationtogenerationbysingers.ThemedievalballadsareballadsofRobinHood.Coleridge’sTheRimeoftheAncientMarinerisa19thcenturyEnglishballad.Heroiccouplet:Theyarepoetrycomposediniambicpentameter.Inthisformofpoetry,linesconsistingoffiveiambicfeetrimetogetherinpairs.Therimescheme:aabbcc…..Renaissance:Renaissancemarksthetransitionfromthemedievaltothemodernworld.ItfirststartedinItalyinthe14thcenturyandgraduallyspreadalloverEurope.Theword“Renaissance”meansrebirthorrevival.Inessence,itisahistoricalperiodinwhichtheEuropeanhumanistthinkersandscholarsmadeattemptstogetridofthoseoldfeudalistideasinmedievalEuropeandintroducenewideasthatexpressedtheinterestsoftherisingbourgeoisie,andtolifttherestrictioninallareasplacedbytheRomanCatholicChurchauthorities.Twofeaturesofrenaissance:Itisathirstingcuriosityfortheclassicalliterature.PeoplelearnedtoadmiretheGreekandLatinworksasmodelsofliteraryform.Itisthekeeninterestintheactivitiesofhumanity.Sonnet:Alyricpoemoffourteenlineswhoseryhmeschemeisfixed.TherhymeschemeintheItalianformastypifiedinthesonnetsofPetrarchisabbaabbacdecde.ThePetrarchiansonnethastwodivisions:thefirstisofeightlines(theoctave),andthesecondisofsixlines(thesestet).TherhymeschemeoftheEnglish,orShakespeareansonnetisababcdcdefefgg.ThechangeofrhymeintheEnglishsonnetiscoincidentalwithachangeofthemeinthepoem.Themeterisiambicpentameter.Blankverse:Apoemwritteninunrhymediambicpentameter.SpenserianStanza:Spenserinventedanewverseformforhispoem.TheverseformhasbeencalledSpenserianStanzasincehisday.Eachstanzahasninelines,eachofthefirsteightlinesisiniambicpentameterform,andtheninthlineisaniambichexameterline.Therhythmschemeisababbcbcc.Enlightenment:TheEnlightenmentwasaprogressiveintellectualmovementthroughoutWesternEuropeinthe18thcentury.Itwasanexpressionofstruggleofthebourgeoisieagainstfeudalism.Theenlightenersfoughtagainstclassinequality,stagnation,prejudicesandothersurvivalsoffeudalism.Theythoughtthechiefmeansforbetteringthesocietywasenlightenmentoreducationforthepeople.TheEnglishenlightenerswerebourgeoisdemocraticthinkers.Theysetnorevolutionaryaimbeforethemandwhattheystroveforwastobringittoanendbyclearingawaythefeudalideaswiththebourgeoisideology.Sentimentalism:Sentimentalismappearedinthemiddleofthe18thcentury,asareactionagainstcommercialismandthecoldrationalism.Sentimentalistsemphasize“thehumanheart”andshowsympathytothepoor.ThistrendmarksthetransitionformneoclassicismtoromanticisminEnglishpoetry.ThomasGrayisoneofthemodels.AnothersentimentalistpoetisOliverGoldsmith(TheDissertedVillage).ThemostoutstandingfigureofEnglishsentimentalismisLaurenceSterne.Pre-romanticism:TheRomanticMovementwasmarkedbyastrongprotestagainstthebondageofClassicism,byarenewedinterestinmedievalliterature.InEngland,thismovementshoweditselfinthetrendofPre-romanticisminpoetry.ItwasrepresentedbyBlakeandRobertBurns.Theystruggledagainsttheneoclassicaltraditionofpoetry.Romanticism:RomanticismwasineffectarevoltoftheEnglishimaginationagainsttheneoclassicalreason,whichprevailedfromthedaysofPopetothoseofJohnson.TheRomanticMovementexpressedamoreorlessnegativeattitudetowardtheexistingsocialandpoliticalconditionsthatcamewithindustrializationandthegrowingimportanceofthebourgeoisie.Romanticssawmenessentiallyasanindividualinthesolitarystateandemphasizedthespecialqualitiesofeachindividual'smind.Inessenceitdesignatesaliteraryandphilosophicaltheorywhichtendstoseetheindividualastheverycenterofalllifeandallexperience.Italsoplacestheindividualatthecenterofart,makingliteraturemostvaluableasanexpressionofhisorheruniquefeelingsandparticularattitudes,andvaluingitsaccuracyinportrayingtheindividual'sexperiences.Theromanticsextolthefacultyoftheimagination,writeaboutnatureandtheygetinspirationformnature,turntothehumblepeopleandthecommoneverydaylifeforsubjectsandturntoothertimesandplaces,wherethequalitiestheyvaluedwouldbeconvincinglydepicted.Neo-classicism:Arevivalintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturiesofclassicalstandardsoforder,balanceandharmonyinliterature.JohnDrydenwasthefirstpersonwhostartedthemovementattheendofthe17thcentury,whileAlexanderPopebroughtittoitsculmination.Elegy:itseeksforlament.Itisapoemondeathoronaseriousloss;characteristicallyasustainedmeditationexpressingsorrowand,frequently,anexplicitorimpliedconsolationRealism:Atermusedinliteratureandarttopresentlifeasitreallyiswithoutsentimentalizingoridealizingit.Realisticwritingoftendepictstheeverydaylifeandspeechofordinarypeople.Thishasled,sometimestoanemphasisonsordiddetails.Allegory:Astoryillustratinganideaoramoralprincipleinwhichobjectstakeonsymbolicmeanings.InDanteAlighieri'sDivineComedy,Dante,symbolizingmankind,istakenbyVirgilthepoetonajourneythroughHell,PurgatoryandParadisein