工商管理英语第二章翻译

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英语第二章Organizedsocietiesthroughouttheworldoperatewithinvarioustypeoflegalsystemscanbebrokendownintofivebroadcategories:commonlaw,civillaw,socialistlaw,IslamiclawandHindulaw.Whilethesecategoriesare,ofcourse,anoversimplification,withmuchoverlapping,acompanydoingbusinessinalegalsystemdifferentfromitsownmustlearntheperimetersoftheforeignlaw.forinstance,underIslamiclegalsystemsthepayingofinterestonmoneyisforbidden.全世界有组织的社会在不同类型的法律制度下运作,可以分为五大类:普通法、民法、社会主义法、伊斯兰法和印度教法。而这些类别,当然,过于简单化,多重叠,一个公司在不同于自己的法律体系做生意必须借鉴国外法律的周长。例如,伊斯兰法律系统的支付利息的钱是被禁止的。Commonlawcountriesincludetheunitedstates,britainandformerbritishcolonies.Thepredominantcharacteristicofcommonlawisitsdependenceonjudicialdecisions,thatistheauthorityofpriordecisionsinresolvingcurrentcases.Inrecenttimes,however,thesecountriesarepassingmorelegislation;thejudicialrulethereforebecomesincreasinglyamatterofinterpretingstatutes.英美法系国家包括美国、英国和英国前殖民地。英美法系的主要特征是对司法判决的依赖,这是解决当前案件的优先决定权。然而,近年来,这些国家正在通过更多的立法,司法规则因此变得越来越成为一个解释法规的问题。Civillawcountries,suchasFrance,SpainandGermany,basetheirsystemoncomprehensive,legalcodesthatgrewoutoftheromanJustiniancode.MostLatinAmericancountrieshaveadoptedthissystem.Theroleofcourtdecisions,isminimized,althoughthisischangingsdthesesystemsareinfluencedbycourtdecisionincommonlawcountries.大陆法系国家,如法国,西班牙和德国,为系统全面,法律规范了罗马查士丁尼法典。大多数拉丁美洲国家都采用了这个系统。法院判决的作用最小化,虽然这是变化的标清这些系统的影响,在普通法国家的法院判决。ThesocialistsystemisbasedontheteachingsofKarlMarxandhisfollowers.AftertheRussianrevolutionof1917,theczaristsystemwasreplacebyasystemofpeople’scourtsstaffedmostlybymembersofthecommunistparty.Eventually,formallegalcodes,civilandcriminal,(similartocivillawsystem)weredeveloped.社会主义制度是建立在马克思卡尔和他的追随者的教义的基础上的。1917俄国革命之后,沙皇制度是由人民法院工作人员大多由共产党员的系统取代。最后,正式的法律法规,民事和刑事,(类似于民事法律制度)的发展。Islamiclegalsystemaredirectlyinfluencedbyreligiousdoctrine.IslamiclawiscalledtheShari’a,andissometimesenforcesbyMuslimsalongsideasecularsystem.Whenitisthepredominantlegalsystem,allcitizensmustobeyit,whethertheyareMuslimsornot.punishmentforviolationsisfastandsometimesharshbywesternstandards.伊斯兰法律制度直接受宗教教义的影响。伊斯兰法是所谓的伊斯兰教法,有时是执行由穆斯林与世俗化。当它是主要的法律制度,所有公民都必须服从它,不管他们是否是穆斯林。对违规行为的惩罚是很快,有时也会受到西方标准的严厉的处罚。Hindulawisprominentprimarilyinindiawhereitexistsalongsidesecularlawderivedfromthebritishcommonlaw.itdealsprimarilywithfamilymatterandpropertysuccession.afterindependencefrombritainin1950,indiacodifiedhindulawinthisareas.印度法突出主要在印度,它存在于世俗的法律源于英国的普通法。它主要涉及家庭和财产继承。1950年印度从英国独立后,印度法律在这方面的规定。Itisimpossibletoanswerthequestionofwhichtheselegalsystemsinthebest.mostofustendtofavorthesystemusedinourownnationandculture.Anevidenceofamaturesociety,however,isitswillingnesstoquestionandcriticizeitsownsystemandattemptchangesandimprovementwhenpossible.这是无法回答的问题,这些法律制度,在最好的。我们中的大多数人都倾向于在我们国家和文化中使用的系统。然而,一个成熟的社会的证据,是它愿意质疑和批判自己的系统和尝试的变化和改进,当可能。ClassificationsoflawintheunitedstatesThelargebodyoflawintheunitedstatesmaybesegmentedaccordingtoseveralclassificationsystems:美国的大法律,可以根据几个分类系统进行分段:Publiclawversusprivatelaw.Publiclawinvolvestherelationshipbetweengovernmentandcitizens(includingbusiness).Privatelawresolvesdisputesbetweencitizens.Whenapartyallegesthatanothertradingpartnerhasbreachedacontract,itisprivatelaw(contractlaw)thatisusedtoresolvethedispute.inpubliclawdisputes,thegovernmentistheplaintiffwhilethedefendantisprivateentitysuchasabusinessorindividual.公法与私法。公共法律涉及政府与公民的关系(包括商业)。私法解决公民之间的纠纷。当一方当事人称另一个贸易伙伴违反了合同,那是私法(合同法),这是用来解决争端的。在公法上的纠纷,政府是原告,而被告是私人实体,如企业或个人。Intheunitedstates,thegovernmenthasintervenedandmodifiedagreementsthatcitizensandbusinessesmadeamongthemselves.Bywayofexample,thegovernmenthasdeclaredthatemploymentdiscriminationbasedonrace,sexandnationaloriginsisillegalunderthecivilrightactof1964,subjectingcompaniestodamagedclaimsandotherpenaltiesfordiscriminatoryemploymentconditionstheyallowtoexist.Thisisanimportantaspectoftherightofequalprotectionasdiscussedbelow.Anotherexampleofgovernmentoversightofbusinesssdealingsistheshermanantitrustact.,whichpreventbusinessesfromanticompetitivepracticessuchaspricecollusion.Oneofthedrivingforcesbehindgovernmentinterventionincertainarenasistoprotecttherightofindividuals,suchasconsumersandemployees.ThebasisforthisprotectionismofindividualrightsintheUS.Constitutionwhichisdiscussedbelow.在美国,政府已经介入并修改了公民和企业之间的协议。举例来说,政府已宣布以种族、性别和国家起源为基础的就业歧视是非法的,在1964的民事权利法案之下,受损害的公司对其允许存在的歧视性就业条件的损害赔偿和其他惩罚。这是平等保护权的一个重要方面,如以下所讨论的。另一个例子,其交易的政府监督是舍曼反托拉斯法。,这阻碍了企业的反竞争行为,如价格合谋。在某些领域,政府干预背后的驱动力之一是保护个人的权利,如消费者和雇员。美国个人权利保护的基础。宪法是讨论以下。Substantivelawversusprocedurallaw.Substantivelawisconcernedwiththelawsthatdefine,describe,regulateandcreatetherightsandresponsibilitiesofthepartiestoalawsuit.Procedurallaw,ontheotherhand,relatestowaysinwhichsubstantivelawsareenforcedagainstviolators.Itinvolvesthemethodsusedtoresolvedisputesamongcitizens.实体法与程序法。实体法涉及对当事人的权利和责任的界定、描述、规范和创造的法律。程序法,另一方面,涉及如何在实体法的执行对违规者。它涉及公民之间的纠纷解决的方法。Civillawversuscriminallaw.Formostbusinesses,civillawismorepertinentthancriminallaw.Therearesomenotabledifferencesbetweencivilandcriminal.First,thesanctionsagainstadefendantincivilcasearegenerallymonetarywh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