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1戴版语言学ChapterOne----IntroductionPartone----Whatislinguistics?1.Definition----linguisticsisgenerallydefinedasthescientificstudyoflanguage.Scientificmeansitisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.NoArticlebeforelanguageinthisdefinitionmeansthatlinguisticsstudieslanguageingeneral.Linguists’task:basicallystudyandunderstandthegeneralprinciplesuponwhichalllanguagesarebuilt.Interestoflinguistsis“whatissaid”2.ThescopesoflinguisticsGenerallinguistics----thestudyoflanguageasawhole-----thecoreoflinguisticsPhonetics----thestudyofsoundsusedinlinguisticcommunication.Phonology----thestudyofhowsoundsareputtogetherandusedtoconveymeaningsincommunication.Morphology----thestudyofthewayinwhichthesymbolsarearrangedandcombinedtoformwords.Syntax-----thestudyoftherulesforsentenceformationSemantics-----thestudyofmeaning.Pragmatics----thestudyofmeaninginthecontextoflanguageuse.AbovearemadeupofthecoreoflinguisticsSociolinguistics-----thestudyofallsocialaspectsoflanguageanditsrelationwithsocietyfromthecoreofthebranch.Psycholinguistics-----thestudyoflanguageprocessing,comprehendingandproduction,aswellaslanguageacquisition.Appliedlinguistics-----theapplicationoflinguistictheoriesandprinciplestolanguageteaching,especiallytheteachingofforeignandsecondlanguages.3.Someimportantdistinctionsinlinguistics.(1)prescriptivevs.descriptiveprescriptive----thelinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesfor“correctandstandard”behaviorinusinglanguage,i.e.totellpeoplewhattheyshouldsayandwhattheyshouldnotsay.Descriptive----thelinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Modernlinguisticsismostlydescriptive.(2)Synchronicvs.diachronicSynchronic----thedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistory.Diachronic----thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime----thehistoricaldevelopmentoflanguageoveraperiodoftime----anothername:historicallinguistics.Asynchronicapproachenjoyspriorityoveradiachronicone.(3)Speechvs.writingTwomajormediaoflinguisticcommunicationSpeechispriortowriting:(1)writingsystemisalways“invented”byitsuserstorecordspeech.2(2)speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingininformationconveyance.(3)speechisacquiredasmothertonguewhilewritingislearnedandtaught.(4)speechrevealstruefeaturesofhumanspeechwhilewritinglanguageisonlythe“revised”recordofspeech.(4)Languevs.paroleProposedbySwisslinguist----F.deSaussure----sociologicalview.Purpose:discovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.Langue----theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofsspeechcommunity.----abstract&stable.Parole-----therealizationoflanguageinactualuse----concrete&varied(5)Competencevs.performanceProposedbyAmericanlinguistNoamChomsky----psychologicalviewPurpose:discoverandspecifytheinternalizedsetsofrules.Competence----theidealuser’sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performance----theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.(6)TraditionalgrammarandmodernlinguisticsThebeginningofmodernlinguistics--thepublicationofSaussure’s“CourseinGeneralLinguistics”inearly20thModernlinguisticsdifferstraditionalgrammar:(1)descriptivevs.prescriptive.(2)spokenlanguagevs.writtenlanguage.(3)MLdoesn’tforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.PartTwo----Whatislanguage?1.Definition----languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.System----elementsoflanguagearecombinedaccordingtorules.Arbitrary----thereisnointrinsicconnectionbetweenalinguisticsymbolandwhatsymbolstandsfor.Vocal----theprimarymediumforalllanguageissound.Human----languageishuman-specific.2.Designfeatures----proposedbyAmericanlinguistCharlesHockett.(5/12)Designfeatures:thedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethatdistinguishitfromanyanimalsystemofcommunication-----human-specific.(1)Arbitrariness----thereisnologicalconnectionbetweenmeaningsandsounds.Exceptions:Onomatopoeicwordsandsomecompoundwordsarenotentirearbitrary.(2)Productivity----languageiscreativeinthatitmakespossibletheconstructionandinterpretationofnewsignalsbyitsusers----userscanproduceandunderstandsentencesthattheyhaveneverheardbefore.(3)Duality----(anothername:doublearticulation.)Languageisasystemwhichconsistsoftwosetsofstructures,ortwolevels.Thelowerleveristhestructureofmeaninglesssoundsandthehigherlevelisthestructureofmeaning.----sound&meaning(4)Displacement----languagecanbeusedtorefertothingswhicharepresentornotpresent,realorimaginedmattersinthepast,present,orfuture,inafarawayplaces------Itdoesn’tmatterhowfarawaythetopicisofconversationisintimeorspace-----freefromthebarrierscausedby3separationintimeandplace.(5)Culturaltransmission----thecapacityforlanguageisgeneticallybasedwhilethedetailsofandlanguagesystemshouldbetaughtandlearned.-----languageispasseddownfromonegenerationtothenextthroughteachingandlearning,ratherthanbyinstinct.3.Thefunctionsoflanguage.(1)Informative:Themainfunctionoflanguagethatwhenpeopleuselanguagetocommunicatewitheachother,theirexperienceintherealworld,recordordescribethe“content”ofthereality,theyareac