How-to-write-the-Introduction

PreparetheIntroductionBetterspeakingtipsA.ConfidenceB.Pronunciation,structureandgrammarC.VocabularyD.ChunksofwordsE.OrganizeyourthinkingF.StressandtonesG.LexicalfillersH.ModelaspeakeryoulikeTip:Learningtoreadandwritewillnotimproveyourspeakingskills.Ifyoulearntospeakcorrectly,thenyourreadingandwritingwillimprove.SpeakingRulesweneedtoknow!1.Don'tstudygrammartoomuch2.Learnandstudyphrases3.ReadingandListeningisNOTenough.PracticeSpeakingwhatyouhear!(Thenaturalorderislistening,speaking,reading,thenwriting.)4.SubmergeyourselfYouonlyneedtosurroundyourselfwithEnglish5.StudycorrectmaterialInshort,studyEnglishmaterialthatyoucantrust,thatiscommonlyused,andthatiscorrect.LearningobjectivesBeawareofthefunctionandstyleoftheIntroductionLearnaboutthestructureoftheIntroductionDeveloptheskillsandabilityofpreparingtheeffectiveIntroductionContents1.Function2.Style3.Structure4.Suggestions5.Exercise1.ImportanceandFunctionLeadintotherationalebehindtheresearch,revealingwhetheritisbuildinguponpreviousresearch,lookingatsomethingthateverybodyelsehasoverlooked,orimprovinguponapreviousresearchprojectthatdeliveredunclearresults.Flowintofillingthegap,layingoutyourobjectivesandmethodology.Youaretryingtopredictwhatimpactyourresearchwillhaveifeverythingworksasitshould,andyouultimatelyrejectthenullhypothesis.Startwithabroadbasisandthennarrowsitdowntoyourparticularfieldofstudy,explainingtherationalebehindeachstep.Thinkofitasaninvertedpyramid,whereyoustartwithawideoverviewbutmovetowardsthethesisstatementorhypothesis,whichshouldbethefinalelementoftheintroduction.Informthereaderabouttherationalebehindthework,justifyingwhyyourworkisanessentialcomponentofresearchinthefield.Itworksupontheprincipleofintroducingthetopicofthepaperandsettingitintoabroadcontext,graduallynarrowingdowntoaresearchproblem,thesisandhypothesis.Establishthecontextoftheworkbeingreported.Thisisaccomplishedbydiscussingtherelevantprimaryresearchliterature(withcitations)andsummarizingourcurrentunderstandingoftheproblemyouareinvestigating.Statethepurposeoftheworkintheformofthehypothesis,question,orproblemyouinvestigated;Leadthereaderintoyourworksothatbythetimeyoudiscussyouractivitiesthereadercanunderstandwhatyouaredoingandwhy.Brieflyexplainyourrationaleandapproachand,wheneverpossible,thepossibleoutcomesyourstudycanreveal.Quiteliterally,theIntroductionmustanswerthequestionsWhatwasIstudying?Whywasitanimportantquestion?WhatdidweknowaboutitbeforeIdidthisstudy?Howwillthisstudyadvanceourknowledge?2.StyleUsetheactivevoiceasmuchaspossible.Useactiveverbswheneverpossible.Themouseconsumedoxygenatahigherrate.Oxygenwasconsumedbythemouseatahigherrate.”Theclarityandeffectivenessofyourwritingwillimprovedramaticallyasyouincreasetheuseoftheactivevoice.Someuseoffirstpersonisok,don‘toverdoit.Firstvs.ThirdPerson:Limityouruseoffirstpersonconstruction.ItismostacceptableintheIntroductionandDiscussionsections,andthenonlytoalimitedextent.Usefirstpersoninthemethodssparinglyifatall,andavoiditsuseintheresults.Remember:preciseworduse,pasttense,activevoice,brevity.3.StructureTheIntroductioncombinestheinformationwithessentialinformationontheframeworkwithinwhichtheprojectoriginatedandprogressed,thepurposeforwhichtheprojectwasoriginallyconceived,approved,plannedandexecuted.Itmayincludeinformationonresourcesusedandonsupportingandfundinginstitutions.Theintroductionshouldbeasbriefandfocusedaspossiblewithoutlosingessentialinformationfortheassessmentofthepolitical,institutionalandadministrativebackgroundofthepaper.3.1SituationSituationisproject-related.Trytodescriberelevantconditionsofnatureandculturedirectlyandessentiallyformingthespecificscenariowithinwhichtheprojecthasbeendesignedandimplemented.Thesituationdescriptionprecedesandpreparestheanalysis,identificationanddefinitionoftheproblemswithwhichthepaperisconcernedortheprojectintendstosolve.Highlightanyweaknessesintheexperimentfromthestart.Forexample,anidealexperimentshouldhaveperfectlyrandomizedsamples,buttherearemanygoodreasonswhythisisnotalwayspossible.Youmakethereadersawareoftheshortcomings,thentheycaneasilyjudgethevalidityoftheresearch.3.2ProblemCreatetheconditionsforaproblemtoarise.Theproblemstatementdefinesthespecificproblem(s)whichisabouttoanswerortheresearchprojecttosolve.Theproblemdefinitionisapivotalpointinthelogicalstructureofthethoughtprocess.Therefore,theproblem(s)mustbeprominentlystatedinaprecise,candidandsuccinctmanner,itmustbecoherentlyandcomprehensivelyarguedandevidenced.Makesurethattheproblemstatementleadslogicallyfromthesituation.3.3QuestionTheoverallgoal(s)andthespecifictarget(s)/objective(s)oftheprojectmustbesuccinctlyandpreciselydefinedwithadequatereferencetotheproblemstatement.Thisisimmediatelyfollowedbyanequallypreciseandsuccinctstatementofthehypothesesthataretobetested.3.4ResponseStatetheobjective(orthehypothesis)ofyourstudy.Whatdidyoudototryandanswerthequestion?Summarizeinasentenceortwotheinvestigationorstudythatyoucarriedouttoobtainananswer.Stateyourmainmessage.Checkthatitisalogi