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EnergyandtheIndustrialRevolutionForyearshistorianshavesoughttoidentifycrucialelementsintheeighteenth-centuryriseinindustry,technology,andeconomicpowerKnownastheIndustrialRevolution,andmanygiveprominencetotheproblemofenergy.Untiltheeighteenthcentury,peoplereliedonenergyderivedfromplantsaswellasanimalandhumanmuscletoprovidepowerIncreasedefficiencyintheuseofwaterandwindhelpedwithsuchtasksaspumping,milling,orsailing.However,bytheeighteenthcentury,GreatBritaininparticularwasexperiencinganenergyshortage.Wood,theprimarysourceofheatforhomesandindustriesandalsousedintheironindustryasprocessedcharcoal,wasdiminishinginsupply.GreatBritainhadlargeamountsofcoal;however,therewerenotyetefficientmeansbywhichtoproducemechanicalenergyortopowermachinery.Thiswastooccurwithprogressinthedevelopmentofthesteamengine.Inthelate1700sJamesWattdesignedanefficientandcommerciallyviablesteamenginethatwassoonappliedtoavarietyofindustrialusesasitbecamecheapertouse.Theenginehelpedsolvetheproblemofdrainingcoalminesofgroundwaterandincreasedtheproductionofcoalneededtopowersteamengineselsewhere.Arotaryengineattachedtothesteamengineenabledshaftstobeturnedandmachinestobedriven,resultinginmillsusingsteampowertospinandweavecotton.Sincethesteamenginewasfiredbycoal,thelargemillsdidnotneedtobelocatedbyrivers,ashadmillsthatusedwater-drivenmachines.Theshifttoincreasedmechanizationincottonproductionisapparentintheimportofrawcottonandthesaleofcottongoods.Between1760and1850,theamountofrawcottonimportedincreased230times.ProductionofBritishcottongoodsincreasedsixtyfold,andcottonclothbecameGreatBritain’smostimportantproduct,accountingforone-halfofallexports.Thesuccessofthesteamengineresultedinincreaseddemandsforcoal,andtheconsequentincreaseincoalproductionwasmadepossibleasthesteam-poweredpumpsdrainedwaterfromtheever-deepercoalseamsfoundbelowthewatertable.Theavailabilityofsteampowerandthedemandsfornewmachinesfacilitatedthetransformationoftheironindustry.Charcoal,madefromwoodandthusinlimitedsupply,wasreplacedwithcoal-derivedcoke(substanceleftaftercoalisheated)assteam-drivenbellowscameintouseforproducingofrawiron.Impuritieswereburntawaywiththeuseofcoke,producingahigh-qualityrefinediron.Reducedcostwasalsoinstrumentalindevelopingsteam-poweredrollingmillscapableofproducingfinishedironofvariousshapesandsizes.Theresultingboomintheironindustryexpandedtheannualironoutputbymorethan170timesbetween1740and1840,andbythe1850sGreatBritainwasproducingmoretonsofironthantherestoftheworldcombined.Thedevelopmentsintheironindustrywereinpartaresponsetothedemandformoremachinesandtheever-wideninguseofhigher-qualityironinotherindustries.Steampowerandironcombinedtorevolutionizetransport,whichinturnhadfurtherimplications.Improvementsinroadconstructionandsailinghadoccurred,butshippingheavyfreightoverlandremainedexpensive,evenwiththeuseofriversandcanalswhereverpossible.Parallelrailshadlongbeenusedinminingoperationstomovebiggerloads,buthorseswerestilltheprimarysourceofpower.■However,thearrivalofthesteamengineinitiatedacompletetransformationinrailtransportation,entrenchingandexpandingtheIndustrialRevolution.■Astransportationimproved,distantandlargermarketswithinthenationcouldbereached,therebyencouragingthedevelopmentoflargerfactoriestokeeppacewithincreasingsales.■Greaterproductivityandrisingdemandsprovidedentrepreneurswithprofitsthatcouldbereinvestedtotakeadvantageofnewtechnologiestofurtherexpandcapacity,ortoseekalternativeinvestmentopportunities.■Also,theavailabilityofjobsinrailwayconstructionattractedmanyrurallaborersaccustomedtoseasonalandtemporaryemployment.Whentheworkwascompleted,manymovedtootherconstructionjobsortofactoryworkincitiesandtowns,wheretheybecamepartofanexpandingworkingclass.Q1:Whydoestheauthorprovidetheinformationthat“GreatBritainhadlargeamountsofcoal”?A.TorejecttheclaimthatBritainwasfacinganenergyshortageintheeighteenthcenturyB.Toexplainwhycoalratherthanotherenergyresourcesbecametheprimarysourceofheatforhomesandindustriesineighteenth-centuryBritainC.ToindicatethatBritain’senergyshortagewasnottheresultofalackoffuelD.Toexplainwhycoalminingbecameanimportantindustryinnineteenth-centuryQ2:Whatwas“theproblemofenergythathadtobesolvedtomaketheIndustrialRevolutionoftheeighteenthcenturypossible?A.Waterandwindcouldnotbeusedefficiently.B.Therewasnoefficientwaytopowermachinery.C.Steamenginesrequiredlargeamountsofcoal,whichwasinshortsupply.D.Neitherhumansnoranimalswerestrongenoughtoprovidethepowerrequiredforindustrialapplication.Q3:WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph2asadevelopmentincottonmillsbroughtaboutbyWatt’ssteamengine?A.TheimportingofhugequantitiesofrawcottonbyBritainB.IncreasedmechanizationC.MorepossibilitiesformilllocationD.SmallermillsQ4:Thephrase“apparentin”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.clearlyseeninB.aidedbyC.associatedwithD.followedbyQ5:Accordingtoparagraph2,whatwasBritain’smostimportantexportby1850?A.RawcottonB.CottonclothC.Steam-poweredpumpsD.CoalQ6:Theword“consequent”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.resultingB.encouragingC.welldocumentedD.immediateQ7:Whatisth