1.已知HA=358.236m,HB=632.410m,求hAB和hBA分析:hAB指B点相对于A点高差,即B点比A点高多少(用减法),hBA亦然。解:hAB=HB-HA=632.410-358.236=274.174mhBA=HA-HB=358.236-632.410=-274.174m2.设A点高程为101.352m,当后视读数为1.154m,前视读数为1.328m时,问高差是多少,待测点B的高程是多少?试绘图示意。分析:高差为后视读数减去前视读数,B点高程可用仪高法或高差法,高差已求,故用后者。解:hAB=1.154-1.328=-0.174mHB=HA+hAB=101.352-0.174=101.178m3.已知HA=417.502m,a=1.384m,前视B1,B2,B3各点的读数分别为:b1=1.468m,b2=0.974m,b3=1.384m,试用仪高法计算出B1,B2,B3点高程。分析:仪高法先求视线高程,再按分别减去各前视读数,求得高程。解:i=HA+a=417.502+1.384=418.886mHB1=i-b1=418.886-1.468=417.418mHB2=i-b2=418.886-0.974=417.912mHB3=i-b3=418.886-1.384=417.502m4.试计算水准测量记录成果,用高差法完成以下表格:测点后视读数(m)前视读数(m)高差(m)高程(m)备注BMA2.1420.884123.446已知水准点TP10.9281.258124.330-0.307TP21.6641.235124.0230.233TP31.6721.431124.256-0.402B2.074123.854总和ΣΣa=6.406Σb=5.998Σh=0.408HB-HA=0.408计算校核Σa-Σb=0.4085.闭合水准路线计算。点名测站数实测高差(m)改正数(m)改正后高差(m)高程(m)BMA12-3.411-0.012-3.42323.126119.7038+2.550-0.0082.542222.24515-8.908-0.015-8.923313.32222+9.826-0.0229.804BMA23.126570.057-0.0570总和fh=57mm<fh容=±12=±90mm6.水准测量成果整理点号距离(km)实测高差(m)高差改正数(m)改正后高差(m)高程(m)A2.1-2.224-0.021-2.24526.400124.1551.1-3.120-0.011-3.131221.0240.82.220-0.0082.212323.2361.03.174-0.0103.164A26.40050.050-0.0500∑fh=50mm<fh容=±40=±89mm7.完成表格并写出计算过程。测点距离(km)实测高差(m)改正数(mm)改正后高差(m)高程(m)BM01.503.326-0.0053.32123.150A26.4711.30-1.763-0.004-1.767B24.7040.85-2.830-0.003-2.833C21.8710.75-0.132-0.002-0.134D21.7371.801.419-0.0061.413BM023.150Σ6.200.020-0.0200fh=20mm<fh容=±40=±99mm8.一支水准路线AB。已知水准点A的高程为75.523m,往、返测站平均值为15站。往测高差为-1.234m,返测高差为+1.238m,试求B点的高程。解:高差闭合差:高差容许闭合:;改正后高差:B点高程:9.完成表格并写出计算过程。测点距离(km)实测高差(m)改正数(mm)改正后高差(m)高程(m)BM71300.533-30.53047.040A47.570200-0.166-4-0.170B47.4004900.193-100.183C47.5833700.234-70.227D47.8104101.028-81.020BM848.830Σ16001.822-321.79010.水平角计算测站目标竖盘位置水平度盘读数°′″半测回角°′″一测回角°′″OA左900106895948895957B1800054A右2700054900006B00100分析:差值为负,加360°。半测回较差不超过40″。11.完成以下水平角计算表格测站竖盘位置目标水平度盘读数°′″半测回角值°′″一测回平均值°′″各测回平均值°′″0左A000124463724463733463727B463848右A1800112463742B22638540左A900006463712463721B1363718右A2700112463730B3163842分析:半测回较差不超过40″,一测回间较差不超过24″。12.完成以下水平角计算表格测站竖盘位置目标水平度盘读数º’”半测回角值º’”一测回角值º’”各测回平均值º’”O第一测回左A00130650642650645650648B650812右A1800142650648B2450830O第二测回左A900224650648650651B1550912右A2700236650654B335093013.完成下表中全圆方向法观测水平角的计算。测站测回数目标盘左°′″盘右°′″平均读数°′″一测回归零方向值°′″O1A002121800200(00210)0020600000B3744152174405374410374200C1102904290285211028581102648D1501451330144315014471501237A00218180020800213分析:半测回归零误差6″14.计算方向观测法测水平角测站目标盘左读数°′″盘右读数°′″2C″平均读数°′″归零方向值°′″OA3001062100118-06(300115)30011200000B635854243585400635854335739C9428122742818-06942815642700D15312483331254-0615312511231136A3001122100124-12300118分析:二倍视准轴误差未超过13″15.竖直角计算测站目标竖盘位置竖盘读数°′″半测回角°′″指标差″一测回角°′″备注OA左872654233060323309竖直度盘按顺时针右272331223312B左972654-72654-03-72657右2623300-72700分析:顺时针公式аL=90°-L,аR=R-270°,竖盘指标差不超过±25″16.竖直角观测成果整理.测站目标竖盘位置竖盘读数°′″半测回角°′″指示差″一测回角°′″备注OA左942318-42318-21-42309盘左视线水平时读数为90°,视线上斜读数减少右2653600-42400B左82360072400-1872342右277232472324分析:竖盘指标差不超过±25″17.欲测量建筑物轴线A、B两点的水平距离,往测DAB=215.687m,返测DBA=215.694m,则A、B两点间的水平距离为多少?评价其质量。解:18.已知直线BC的坐标方位角为135º00’,又推得AC的象限角为北偏东60º00’,求小夹角∠BCA。解:分析:见图19.已测得各直线的坐标方位角分别为a1=25030,a2=165030,a3=248040,a4=336050,,试分别求出它们的象限角和反坐标方位角。解:R1=а1=25º30’,ⅠⅡ;,Ⅲ;,Ⅳ;20.对某高差等精度观测了5次,观测值分别为-13.149m、-13.146m、-13.154m、-13.147m、-13.134m,求该高差的算术平均值和中误差。解:21.对某角度等精度观测6测回,观测值分别为82°19′18″,82°19′24″,82°19′30″,82°19′12″,82°19′12″,82°19′30″,求该角度的算术平均值及其中误差。解:22.对某角度等精度观测5测回,观测值分别为48°17′18″、48°17′24″、48°17′30″、48°17′06″、48°17′12″,求该角度的算术平均值和中误差。解:23.设对某边等精度观测了6个测回,观测值分别为108.601m、108.600m、108.608m、108.620m、108.624m、108.631m,求算术平均值和相对中误差。解:24.在1∶2000地形图上,量得一段距离d=23.2厘米,其测量中误差md=±0.1厘米,求该段距离的实地长度和中误差。分析:按照倍函数误差传播定律计算。解:25.设对某边等精度观测了4个测回,观测值分别为168.610m,168.600m,168.620m,168.610m,求算术平均值和中误差。解:26.有一圆形地块,测得其半径r=27.45m,观测中误差为±0.02m,求该地块的面积S及其中误差ms。分析:按照倍函数误差传播定律计算。解:27.有一正方形建筑物,测得其一边的边长为a=38.52m,观测中误差为±0.02m,求该建筑物的面积S及其中误差。分析:按照倍函数误差传播定律计算。解:28.设对某距离丈量了6次,其结果为240.311、240.301、240.316、240.324、240.319、240.320,试求其结果的最可靠值、算术平均值中误差及其相对中误差?分析:取算术平均值为最可靠值。注意[v]=-0.001解:31.在1:5000地形图上,量得一段距离d=32.7厘米,其测量中误差md=±0.1厘米,求该段距离的实地长度D及中误差mD。解:32.在测站A进行视距测量,仪器高i=1.52m,照准B点时,中丝读数l=1.96m,视距间隔为n=0.935m,竖直角α=-3°12′,求AB的水平距离D及高差h。解:33.在测站A进行视距测量,仪器高i=1.45m,照准B点时,中丝读数v=1.45m,视距间隔为l=0.385m,竖直角α=-3°28′,求水平距离D及高差h。解:34.闭合导线成果整理。点号观测角值(左角)°′″改正数″改正后角值°′″坐标方位角°′″A803000B743010-107430003350000C870010-108700002420000D1150010-1011500001770000A833010-10833000803000B∑3600040-40360000035.完成表格并写出计算过程闭合导线坐标计算表点号角度观测值(右角)改正后的角度方位角水平距离坐标增量改正后坐标增量坐标°′″°′″°′″m△x/m△y/m△x/m△y/mx/my/m⑴⑵⑶⑷⑸⑹⑺⑻⑼⑽⑾1381500112.01+0.0387.96-0.0169.3487.9969.33200.00500.002-07″10248091024802287.99569.33115265887.58+0.02-37.63079.08-37.6179.083-07″785115785108250.38648.412163550137.71+0.03-110.56-0.01-82.10-110.53-82.114-07″842327842320139.85566.3312123089.50+0.0260.13-0.01-66.2960.15-66.301-06″935736935730200.00500.003815002∑36000273600000426.80-0.100.030036.完成表格并写出计算过程附合导线坐标计算表点号角度观测值(左角)改正后的角度方位角水平距离坐标增量改正后坐标增量坐标°′″°′″°′″m△x/m△y/m△x/m△y/mx/my/m⑴⑵⑶⑷⑸⑹⑺⑻⑼⑽⑾A450012B-06″23929152392909921.32102.751042921187.620.03-46.94-0.03181.65-46.91181.621-06″15744391574433874