专四语法4：虚拟语气

虚拟语气1主从句谓语动词的时态2名词性从句的虚拟形式3含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词的时态4常用虚拟形式的句型1.主从句谓语动词的时态虚拟条件句主句与现在事实相反的假设与过去相反的假设与将来相反的假设If+主语+动词的过去式（动词be用were)主语+should,would,might,could＋动词原形If+主语+had+过去分词主语＋should,would,might,could＋havedone1、If+主语+动词过去式2、If+主语+wereto+动词原形3、If+主语+should+动词原形主语＋should,wouldmight,could＋动词原形1.Allofuswouldhaveenjoyedthepartymuchmoreifthere_____quitesuchacrowdpeoplethere.（00,49）A.weren’tB.hasn’tbeenC.hadn’tbeenD.wouldn’tbe[C]2.Ifyourcar_____duringthefirst12months,takeittoanauthorizeddealer.（98,43）A.shallneedB.shouldneedC.wouldneedD.willneed[B]如果你购买的车子在最初12个月内出现问题，请与指定的销售商交涉。从句是与将来事实相反的假设，主句没用虚拟语气而用了一般现在时，说明这种假设实现的可能性是存在的。should可以表示语气较强的假设，出现在if从句中或用于省略了if的条件句句首。3.Iftherewerenosubjunctivemood,English_____mucheasiertolearn.(09,52)A.couldhavebeenB.wouldbeC.willbeD.wouldhavebeen[B]4._____forthefactthatshebrokeherleg,shemighthavepassedtheexam.(02,60）A.HaditnotbeenB.Hadn’titbeenC.WasitnotD.Wereitnot[A]5.Ifyouexplainedthesituationtoyoursolicitor,he_____abletoadviseyoumuchbetterthanIcan.(05,51)A.wouldbeB.willhavebeenC.wasD.were[A]6.Iwastohavemadeaspeechif_____.(97,51)A.IwasnotcalledawayB.nobodywouldhavecalledmeawayC.IhadnotbeencalledawayD.nobodycalledmeaway[C](2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。如：Haditnotbeenforthetimelyinvestmentfromthegeneralpublic,ourcompanywouldnotbesothrivingasitis.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)HadPaulreceivedsixmorevotesinthelastelection,hewouldbeourchairmannow.(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)1.HadJudybeenmorecarefulonthemathsexam,she_____muchbetterresultsnow.(08,52)A.wouldbegettingB.couldhavegotC.mustgetD.wouldget[D]2._____ifIhadarrivedyesterdaywithoutlettingyouknowbeforehand?(04,54)A.WouldyoubesurprisedB.WereyousurprisedC.HadyoubeensurprisedD.Wouldyouhavebeensurprised[A](3)识别事实和假设混合句：Yourmathinstructorwouldhavebeenhappytogiveyouamake-upexaminationhadyougoneandexplainedthatyourparentswereillatthetime.(句子前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实)Iwouldhavegonetovisithiminthehospitalhaditbeenatallpossible,butIwasfullyoccupiedthewholeoflastweek.(前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实)1.Hewouldhavefinishedhiscollegeeducation,buthe_____toquitandfindajobtosupporthisfamily.（07,60）A.hadhadB.hasC.hadD.wouldhave[C]2._____you____furtherproblemswithyourprinter,contactyourdealerforadvice.(05,63)A.If,hadB.Have,hadC.Should,haveD.Incase,had[C]2.名词性从句的虚拟形式从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。(1)下列表示建议、提议、命令、惊奇、不满等动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式：desire,advise,recommend,command,direct,order,ask,demand,request,require,insist,maintain,move,propose,prefer,urge,vote。eg.Iadvisethathebedischargedforhisseriousmistake.(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式：advisable,desirable,insistent,preferable,urgent,appropriate,compulsory,crucial,essential,imperative,important,necessary,obligatory,possible,probable,proper,vital,advised,arranged,commanded,demanded,desired,ordered,proposed,recommended,requested,required,suggested,surprised。如：Theboarddeemiturgentthatthesefilesshouldbeprintedrightaway.Itisessentialthatallthesefiguresbecheckedtwice.1ItisabsolutelyessentialthatWilliam____hisstudyinspiteofsomelearningdifficulties.(07,65)A.willcontinueB.continuedC.continueD.continues[C]2.Itisimperativethatthegovernment_____moreinvestmentintotheshipbuildingindustry.(06.59)A.attractsB.shallattractC.attractD.hastoattract[C]3.Itisimperativethatstudents_____theirtermpapersontime.(o4,56）A.handinB.wouldhandinC.havetohandinD.handedin[A]4.Itisnecessarythathe_____theassignmentwithoutdelay.(10,60)A.handinB.handsinC.musthandinD.hastohandin[A]5.Iamsurprised____thiscityisadullplacetolivein.(2006,57)A.thatyoushouldthinkB.bywhatyouarethinkingC.thatyouwouldthinkD.withwhatyouwerethinking[A](3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式：insistence,preference,recommendation,suggestion,proposal,motion,desire,requirement,request,order,necessity,importance,regulation,rule,resolution,understanding。如：JohnWagner’smostenduringcontributiontothestudyofAfro-Americanpoetryishisinsistencethatitbeanalyzedinareligious,aswellasworldly,frameofreference.Heleftordersthatnothing___toucheduntilthepolicearrivedhere.(97,43)A.shouldbeB.oughttobeC.mustbeD.wouldbe[A]Iwish+that用于wish后面的从句，表示与事实相反的情况，或表示将来不太可能实现的愿望。其宾语从句的动词形式为：真实状况Wish后从句动作与主句动作同时发生现在时过去时（be的过去式为were）从句动作先于主句动作发生过去时过去完成时（had+过去分词）将来不大可能实现的愿望将来时would/could+动词原形IwishIwereastallasyou.我希望和你一样高。Hewishedhehadn’tsaidthat.他希望他没讲那样的话。Iwishitwouldraintomorrow.我希望明天下雨就好了。3.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。(1)连词but,butthat,or,orelse；副词otherwise,unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：Asafetyanalysiswouldhaveidentifiedthetargetasapotentialdanger.Unfortunately,itwasneverdone.Victorobviouslydoesn’tknowwhat’shappened;otherwisehewouldn’thavemadesuchastupidremark.Iusedmycalculator;otherwiseI’dhavetakenmuchlonger.(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without,butfor,undermorefavorableconditions等。如：Butforyourtimelyadvice,Iwouldneverhaveknownhowtogoaboutthework.（94年）Thestormdelayedus.Butforthestormwewouldhavebeenintime.SupposingIacceptedthisoffer,whatwouldyousay?Withoutyourtimelyhelp,mydaughterwouldhavedrowned.(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/planned或was/were+不定式完成