第七章保险单据演示文稿1

Chapter7InsuranceDocumentsOwingtolongdistancetransportation,goodsunderinternationaltradecouldbedamagedbyvariousaccidents.Additionally,byloadingandwarehousingtherearealsosomerisks.Inordertobeindemnifiedineventofdamage,sellerorbuyer,dependingonthetradeterms,effectsinsurancepriortotheshipment.Insurancedocumentsareones,issuedbyinsurancecompanies,indicatingthetypeandamountofinsurancecoverageinforceonaparticularshipment.Usedtoassuretheconsigneethatinsuranceisprovidedtocoverlossofordamagetocargowhileintransit.Section1RiskscategoriesI.Risks:PerilsandExtraneousrisksII.Loss:totalloss&partialloss1.TotalLoss:ActuallossandConstructiveloss2.PartialLoss:GeneralAverage&particularaverageIII.Expenses:1.Sueandlaborexoense2.Salvageexpenses3.Continuationexpenses4.EvaluationexpensesRisksRiskscanbedividedintogeneralperilsandextraneousrisks.(1)generalperils:itmeansnaturalcalamitiesandfortuitousaccidentswhicharecausedbytheforcesresultingfromthechangesofnature,e.g.vileweather,thunderstormandlightning,tsunami,earthquake,flood,etc.Theactionofordinarywindsandwavesisnottakenasnaturalcalamities.(2)extraneousrisks:arerisksthatarebeyondthecoverageoftheMarinerisksmainlyincludinggeneralextraneousrisksandspecialextraneousrisks.GeneralextraneousrisksTheyincludetheftorpilferage,contamination,breakage,sweatingandheating,taintofodor,rusting,freshorrainwaterdamage,shortdeliveryandnon-delivery,shortageinweight,clashing,etc.SpecialextraneousrisksTheyrefertowar,warlikeoperations,hostileacts,armedconflictsorpiracycapture,seizure,arrest,restraintordetainment.LossesLossessustainedbytheinsuredbecauseoftheriskslistedabovecomefromnotonlythelossofthegoodsordamagetothegoods,butalsofromtheexpensestothegoodstheinsuredsustainedinrescuingthegoodsindanger.Thelossesanddamagestothegoodscanbedividedintototallossandpartialloss.1.TotallossTotallossisusuallyclassifiedintotwotypes:oneisactualtotallosswhichmeansthattheinsuredsubjectmatteristotallyandirretrievablylost.Theanotheroneisconstructivetotallosswhichisestimatedthattheactualtotallossofcargoisinevitableorthecostofsalvageorrecoverycouldhaveexceededthevalueofthecargo.Incaseofconstructivetotalloss,theinsuredmayapplytotheinsurerforcompensationinaccordancewiththepartiallossorconstructiveloss.Incaseofthelatter,theinsuredshouldsubmittotheinsurerthenoticeoftheabandonment.Inthisway,theinsuredpassesallthetitlestosubjectmattertotheinsurerwillingly,andappliestotheinsurerforcompensationasperthetotalloss.2.PartiallossPartiallossreferstothatthelossordamagetothegoodsisonlypartial.Partiallosscanbeeithergeneralaverageorparticularaverage.Intheinsurancebusinessthe“average”simplymeans“loss”inmostcases.Itallgoesbacktothesituationwhereashipisindangerandsomebody’scargohastobeabandoned.Whoseshoulditbe?Thecaptainmustmakeadecisionandoneoftheshipperwillsuffer.Tocoverthissituationtheconceptofgeneralaveragewasintroduced.Itmeansthatwhichevershipperlosesallorpartofhiscargo,alltheotherswillclubtogethertore-compensatehimforhisloss.Allpoliciestheinsuredtakeoutautomaticallycoverthemagainstit.Aparticularaveragelossisapartiallosswhichissufferedbytheonewhosegoodsarepartlylostordamaged.Whenthereisaparticularaverageloss,otherinterestsinthevoyage(suchasthecarrierandothercargoownerswhosegoodswerenotdamaged)donotcontributetothepartialrecoveryoftheonesufferingtheloss.Anexampleofparticularaverageoccurswhenastormorfiredamagespartoftheshipper’scargoandnooneelse’scargohastobesacrificedtosavethevoyage.Thecargoownerwhosegoodsweredamagedlookstohisinsurerforpaymentifhispolicycoversthespecifictypeoflosssuffered.ExpensesInternationalcargotransportationinsurancenotonlyinsuresthelossescausedbyrisksbutalsothelossesofexpenses.Themainexpensesareasfollows(1)Sueandlaborexpenses:whicharetheonesarisingfrommeasuresproperlytakenbytheinsured,theemployeeandtheassignees,etc.forminimizingoravoidinglossescausedbytheriskscoveredintheinsurancepolicyorcertificate.Theinsurerisresponsibleforcompensatingsuchexpenses.(2)Salvagechargesareexpensesresultingfrommeasuresproperlytakenbyathirdpartyotherthantheinsured,theemployeeandtheassignee,etc.(3)Continuationexpensesaremadeforthejourneyofconsignmentsafterthejourneyhasbeenstoppedbyrisksunderthecoverofinsurancepolicyorcertificate.(4)Lossevaluationcharges:Afteralossissustained,expertswouldhavetobeinvitedtoevaluatethelosstobecoveredbytheinsurerandarecoveredbytheinsurer.Section2InsurancepolicyAninsurancepolicyisawrittenlegalcontractbetweentheinsurancecompanyandthepartyinsured,containingalltermsandconditionsoftheagreement(normallypre-printedonthebacksideofthepolicy).Itshowsfulldetailsoftheriskscovered,socalledalsoformalinsurancedocument.1.Keyelementsofinsurancepolicy1.Nameoftheinsurerwithasignatureidentifiedasthatofinsurancecompany,orunderwriterorinsuranceagent.2.Nameoftheinsured,boththesellerandthebuyermightbetheinsuredprovidedthattheyhaveinsuredinterestandwithgoodfaith.3.Theinsuredgoods.Continued4.Typeofriskscovered,whichshouldbeoneofthreebasicrisks,i.e.FreeFromParticularAverage(F.P.A),WithParticularAverage(W.P.A)andAllRisks,addedbysomesupplement