如何选择消毒剂.

明智的选择MakingTheRightChoice消毒剂Sanitizers正确选择的益处Benefitsof“MakingTheRightChoice”•良好的口碑•减少财务损失•合乎法规的准则•满足顾客及照顾食品安全•带来利润微生物的种类TypesofMicroorganisms螺旋菌SpiralBacteria球菌CocciBacteria杆菌Rod-ShapedBacteria霉菌Molds酵母Yeast常见词汇Sterilant/Sterilize•彻底杀灭所有活的微生物•包括细菌孢子,细菌,病毒及真菌•高温及化学处理•于特定的情况下最为有效•主要用于医学界及实验室常见词汇Disinfectant/Disinfect•清除100%可繁殖细胞•不能杀灭所有细菌孢子•广为医院所采用•常用于泳池和食水消毒常见词汇Sanitizer/Sanitize•降低微生物污染的程度(99.999%)•可分为两类:–无需过水的消毒剂,用于接触食物表面(No-rinsefoodcontactsurfacesanitizer)–非接触食物表面的消毒剂(Non-foodcontactsurfacesanitizer)接触食物表面的消毒剂FoodContactSurfaceSanitizerAOACGermicidalDetergentSanitizerTest25oC99ml配制杀菌液加1ml大肠菌或葡萄球菌(至少含细胞7.5x107/ml)30秒接触时间中和1ml存活细胞计数所需效率在30秒25oC杀灭率为99.999%01530其他控制微生物的产品ListofOtherProductClaims常见词汇AlgaecideBiocideAntisepticFungicideSlimicidePreservativeUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency•有效清除微生物证明资料•产品化学成份•毒理学资料•标签及技术上资料EPAFIFRAFederalInsecticide,FungicideandRodenticideAct注册消毒剂SanitizerRegistration使用准则UsageRestrictionsKeyPoints:PotableWater自来水•稀释后即时使用-非循环再用•准确的浓度–不能过低-效力受质疑–不能过高-违反法例获FDA批准无需过水的消毒剂(1998)FDAApprovedNo-RinseFoodContactSurfaceSanitizers•“氯”(Chlorine)•二氧化氯(Chlorinedioxide/mixtureofoxychlorospecies)•“碘”消毒剂(Iodophors)•“季铵”(Quaternaryammoniumcompounds)•酸性阴离子消毒剂(Acid-anionicsanitizers)•羧酸消毒剂(Carboxylicacidsanitizers)•过氧醋酸(Peroxyacidcompounds)•酚(Phenolic)氯气ChlorineGas•氯气(ChlorineGas)•次氯酸钠,次氯酸钙,次氯酸锂(Sodium,calcium,lithiumhypochlorites)•粉状有机氯性来源:最高浓度-200ppmavailablechlorine•NaOCl+H2OHOCl+NaOH•Ca(OCl)2+2H2O2HOCl+Ca(OH)2•Cl2+H2OHOCl+H++Cl-“氯”于液体的化学作用ChemistryofChlorineinSolution“氯”的优点ChlorineAdvantages•用途广泛•能抵受硬水•于低温下仍有高效能•较为经济•不留残余物/不会形成水垢100%50%0%HOCIActivity45678910pH“‘氯”的缺点ChlorineDisadvantages•可能形成有毒的氯气•腐蚀性•刺激性•不稳定-保存期短•可能形成有毒的副产品,TrihalomethaneCompounds(THM’s)“碘”消毒剂Iodophors•碘(Iodine)+表面活性剂(Surfactant)+酸(Acid)–最高浓度-25ppm“碘”消毒剂的优点IodophorsAdvantages•用途广泛•较“氯”温和•低毒•有效的酸碱度–较““氯”广泛-pH2-8•腐蚀性较“氯”低•稳定-保存期长•颜色容易辨认酸碱度对“碘”消毒剂的影响EffectofpHonIodophorSanitizersNote:I2是最有活性的形态pH4610ChemicalSpeciesI2IO-,HIOI3-,IO3-,I-Color颜色混浊Amber澄清ClearActivity活性有活性Active无活性Inactive“碘”消毒剂的缺点IodophorsDisadvantages•沾污非光滑表面及胶制物质•对噬菌体作用较低•于低温下不能发挥效能•高温下会造成腐蚀性不能加热至摄氏120度•当使用CIP时,可能引致过多泡沫•较“‘氯”昂贵•气味“季铵”QuaternaryAmmoniumChlorideCompounds•FDA所允许于食物接触表面，无需过水之消毒浓度-200ppm“季铵”的优点QuaternaryAmmoniumChlorideCompoundAdvantages•无毒,无嗅,无色•不含腐蚀性•温度稳定•对有机污垢有较稳定的效能•用途广泛•有较长的残效期•有清洁及渗透污垢的能力•稳定-保存期长•控制霉菌•具辟味功效“季铵”的缺点QuaternaryAmmoniumChlorideCompoundDisadvantages•不可与阴离子渗透剂一起使用•抵受硬水的能力低•于低温下只能发挥有限效能•于机械式操作下会产生大量泡沫•杀菌能力随配方的不同而有差异酸性阴离子AcidAnionics•阴离子的表面活性剂(AnionicSurfactants)+酸(Acid)•双重作用:消毒及酸性过水(sanitize&acidrinse)酸性阴离子的优点AcidAnionicsAdvantages•稳定-保存期较长•一般不含腐蚀性•无染色副作用•较少难闻的气味•不受硬水影响•清除及控制矿物质形成的水垢•对噬菌体有良好反应酸性阴离子的缺点AcidAnionicsDisadvantages•高成本•对酸碱度敏感，(理想酸碱度pH2-3)•有限的杀菌力•不能杀灭酵母及霉菌•潜在腐蚀性(当水质含过高氯化物)•高泡沫•刺激皮肤•受阳离子表面活性剂抑制羧酸CarboxylicAcid•脂肪酸(Fattyacids)+有机酸(organicacids)+矿物酸(mineralacid)•双重作用:消毒及酸性过水sanitize&acidrinse•低泡羧酸的优点CarboxylicAcidAdvantages•用于CIP清洁时，泡沫较少•广泛控制细菌活动•稳定-保存期较长•不受硬水影响•清除及控制矿物质形成的水垢•无染色副作用羧酸的缺点CarboxylicAcidDisadvantages•不能完全控制真菌•对酸碱度敏感-理想酸碱度3.5•受阳离子表面活性剂抑制•对温度敏感，使用温度应55oC•潜在腐蚀性，需根据器材、物料使用而定过氧化物PeroxyCompoundsH2O2CH2COOHHHHHCCOOO+HydrogenPeroxideAceticAcidPeroxyaceticAcid过氧醋酸消毒剂PeroxyaceticAcidSanitizerOneoftheMostEffectiveSanitizersAgainstBiofilms•Aconductance-basedsurfacedisinfectiontestforfoodhygiene.LettersinAppliedMicrobiology.1990.11,255-259.Conclusion:Theperacidswerethemosteffectiveofthecompoundstestedagainstorganismspresentasbiofilms.•EffectofCleanersandSanitizersonListeriamonocytogenesAttachedtoProductContactSurfaces.JournalofFoodProtection.1992.Vol.55,No.4,246-251Conclusion:ThemosteffectivesanitizersagainstattachedcellsonvarioussurfacesincludedOXONIAACTIVE.•ControlofBiofilmsinBreweriesThroughCleaningandSanitizing.MBAATechnicalQuarterly.1992.Vol29,86-88.Conclusion:Peraceticacidsanitizerprovidedthegreatestreductioninviablebiofilmbacteriaaftera2minutecontacttime.Thefollowingarearticlesfromscientificjournalsthatindicateperoxyaceticacidsanitizersaremosteffectiveincontrollingbiofilms:过氧醋酸消毒剂PeroxyaceticAcidSanitizerOneoftheMostEffectiveSanitizersAgainstBiofilms•Biofilmsandtheirconsequences,withparticularreferencetohygieneinthefoodindustry.JournalofAppliedBacteriology.1993.75,499-511.Conclusion:Themosteffectiveoftheproductstestedonbiofilmswasperaceticacid.•ScientificStatusSummary:MicrobialAttachmentAndBiofilmFormation:ANewProblemForTheFoodIndustry.FoodTechnology.1994.Vol.48,No.7,107-114.•Biofims&DisinfectionDevelopmentofaMicroorganismCarrier-SurfaceMethod.SciencesDesAliments.1992.Vol.12,721-728.Thefollowingarearticlesfromscientificjournalsthatindicateperoxyaceticacidsanitizersaremosteffectiveincontrollingbiofilms:过氧醋酸的优点PeroxyaceticAcidAdvantages•低泡•适合任何温度•结合消毒及酸性过水•不留残余物质•不会腐蚀不锈钢及铝•较能抵受有机污垢•不含磷•环保•杀菌力广泛•能于酸碱值达7.5发挥消毒效能过氧醋酸-环保PeroxyaceticAcid,EnvironmentallyResponsible过氧醋酸(PeroxyaceticAcid)和过氧化氢(HydrogenPeroxide)分解水(Water)氧(Oxygen)醋酸(AceticAcid)(Vinegar)温度对消毒剂效能的影响EffectofTemperatureonSanitizerEfficacy过氧酸vs.酸性消毒剂酸碱度对消毒剂效能的影响EffectofpHonSanitizerEfficacy过氧酸vs.酸性消毒剂葡萄球菌Staphylococcusaureus大肠菌Escherichiacoli3.0pH5.040oF70oF51LOGR