学术英语UnitSix

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Task1TheFlightPathoftheWrightBrothersKarenPriceHossellINTHISARTICLE:Apairofself-taughtengineersworkinginabicycleshop,madetheworldaforeversmallerplace.QuickFacts(人物快报):1.WilburandOrvilleWright,twobrothersfromtheheartlandofAmerica,openedtheWrightCycleCo.,abicyclebusiness.2.TheWrightbrothersfinallyrealizedtheirvisionofpoweredhumanflightin1903.3.OnDec.17,1903,withOrvilleatthecontrols,theFlyerliftedoftshakilyfromKittyHawkandflew120ft,givingmankindaccesstoplacesithadneverdreamedofreaching.威尔伯·莱特和奥威尔·莱特兄弟俩来自美国中部,他们创立了莱特自行车商行。莱特兄弟终于在1903年实现了使用动力装置助人飞翔的梦想。1903年12月17日,奥威尔在操纵装置上将“飞鸟”摇摇晃晃地从基蒂霍克的地面上升起来,飞行了120英尺,使人类得以进入以前从未梦想过的境地。LexicalItems:1.downtoearth:实际的2.perseverance:毅力,忍心,不屈不挠3.bishop:主教4.cork:软木塞,软木树,软木5.fragile:易碎的,脆的6.faltering:犹豫的,蹒跚的,支吾的7.scaled:用缩尺制图(估计),成比例8.wingspan:翼幅9.sustain:支持,持续10.abiding;永久的,持久的,不变的11.afflict:使苦恼,折磨12.obsession:痴迷;困扰,成见13.gravity;地心引力,重力;严重,庄重,严肃14.obsessive:强迫性的,分神的15.aeronautical;航空的(航空导航用的)16.airfoil:翼剖面(翼型,方向舵)17.empirica11y:经验主义地18.elevator;电梯或飞机升降舵19.yaw:(船,飞机等)偏航20.pulley:滑车,滑轮21.warp:弯,歪曲,弄歪,翘曲22.propeller:螺旋桨,推进器23.glider:滑翔机24.compiling:编排、编译25.skeletal:骨骼的、骸骨的26.spruce:虎尾枞属的植物,赤松;27.spark:引发28.pedigree:家谱,血统UnitSix【1】WilburandOrvilleWrightweretwobrothersfromtheheartlandofAmericawithavisionassweepingastheskyandapracticalityasdown-to-earthastheWrightCycleCo.,thebicyclebusinesswhiletherewerecountlessbicycleshopsinturn-of-the-centuryAmerica,inonlyonewerewingsbeingbuiltaswellaswheels.WhentheWrightbrothersfinallyrealizedtheirvisionofpoweredhumanflightin1903,theymadetheworldaforeversmallerplace.I'vebeentoKittyHawk.N.C.,andseenwherethebrothersimaginedthefuture,andthenliterallyflewacrossitshighfrontier.Itwasaninspirationtobethere,andtosoakuptheamazingperseveranceandcreativityofthesetwopioneers.威尔伯·莱特和奥威尔·莱特兄弟俩来自美国中部,他们有着天空般长远的眼光,又讲究实际,如同他们于1892年在俄亥俄州的代顿创立莱特自行车商行时一样。尽管世纪交替时期的美国有着无数家自行车商铺,但却只有这一家不仅制造轮子也制造机翼。当莱特兄弟终于在1903年实现了使用动力装置助人飞翔的梦想时,他们使世界从此变成了一个更小的天地。我到过北卡罗来纳州的基蒂霍克,亲眼看到了兄弟俩展望宏图的这块地方,他们后来也确确实实飞过这块高地。身临其境,沉浸在两位先驱者惊人的锲而不舍的精神和无限的创造力中,是多么的鼓舞人心!【2】TheWrightbrothershadbeenfascinatedbytheideaofflightfromanearlyage.In1878,theirfather,abishopintheChurchoftheUnitedBrethreninChrist,gavethemaflyingtoymadeofcorkandbamboo.Ithadapaperbodyandwaspoweredbyrubberbands.Theyoungboyssoonbrokethefragiletoy,butthememoryofitsfalteringflightacrosstheirlivingroomstayedwiththem.Bythemid-1890s,Wilburwasreadingeverybookandpaperhecouldfindonthestillearth-boundscienceofhumanflight.AndfouryearsbeforetheymadehistoryatKittyHawk,thebrothersbuilttheirfirst,scaled-downflyingmachine--apilotlesskitewitha5-ft.wingspan,andmadeofwood,wireandcloth.Basedonthatexperiment,Wilburbecameconvincedthathecouldbuildanaircraftthatwouldbecapableofsustainingaman.莱特兄弟自年幼起就痴迷飞行这个想法。1878年,在基督教联合兄弟会教堂作主教的父亲给了兄弟俩一架用软木和竹片制作的玩具飞机。机身是用纸做的,靠橡皮筋推动。小兄弟俩不久就弄坏了这架不太结实的玩具飞机,但是它摇摆飞过起居室的情景却永远留在了他们的记忆中。到了19世纪90年代中期,威尔伯阅读了他所能找到的关于人类飞行术的书籍和文章,当时人们始终无法飞离地面。在基蒂霍克创造历史的四年里,兄弟俩建造了他们第一架按比例缩小的飞行器----一个无人驾驶的“风筝”,翼展为五英尺,由木头、线和布做成。通过这个试验,威尔伯越发相信他能建造一架“能够载人”的飞机。【3】Whilethebrothers'bicyclebusinesspaidthebills,itwasWilbur'sabidingdreamofbuildingafull-sizeflyingmachinethatinspiredtheirwork.Formanyyears,heoncesaid,hehadbeenafflicted'withthebeliefthatflightispossible.Therealityofthatobsessionwasalonelyquestforthebrothersintheworkroombehindtheirbikeshop,plottingtodefygravityandconquerthewind.Yetthatobsessivekindofworld-changingbeliefisaforcethatdrivesthemtosolveaproblem,tofindthebreakthrough--aforcethatdrivesthemtobeteverythingonafragilewingoranewidea.ItwasaforcethatledtheWrightbrotherstoinvent,single-handedly,eachofthetechnologiestheyneededtopursuetheirdream.虽然兄弟俩只能靠自行车行维持开支,但威尔伯始终梦想制造一架全尺寸飞行器的信念一直鼓舞着他们的工作。他曾说道,多年来他苦苦执念于“萦绕着飞行是可能的”这个想法。这种痴迷的现实表现就是兄弟俩在自行车铺后的工棚里默默地追求,试图突破地心引力,克服风的影响。正是这种改变世界的执着信念促使他们解决问题,寻找突破,使他们孤注一掷,从一个脆弱的机翼或新的观点中寻求希望,这是一种促使莱特兄弟凭借自己的力量发明追求自己梦想所需的每一项技术的动力。【4】Whenpublishedaeronauticaldataturnedouttobeunreliable,theWrightbrothersbuilttheirownwindtunneltotestairfoilsandmeasureempiricallyhowtoliftaflyingmachineintothesky.Theywerethefirsttodiscoverthatalongnarrowwingshapewastheidealarchitectureofflight.Theyfiguredouthowtomovethevehiclefreely,notjustacrossland,butupanddownonacushionofair.Theybuiltaforwardelevatortocontrolthepitchoftheircraftasitnosedupanddown.Theyfashionedapairoftwinruddersinbacktocontrolitstendencytoyawfromsidetoside.Theydevisedapulleysystemthatwarpedtheplanetostopitfromrollinglaterallyinair.Recognizingthatapropellerisn'tlikeaship'sscrew,butbecomes,ineffect,arotatingwing,theyusedthedatafromtheirwind-tunnelexperimentstodesignthefirsteffectiveairplaneprops--apairof8-ft.propellers,carvedoutoflaminatedspruce,thatturnedinoppositedirectionstooffsetthetwistingeffectonthemachine'sstructure.Andwhentheydiscoveredthatalight-weightgas-poweredenginedidnotexist,theydecidedtodesignandbuildtheirown,whichwouldproduce12horsepowerandweightedonly152lbs.当已出版的航空数据被证明不可靠时,莱特兄弟就建立了自己的风洞来测试翼型,并根据实验测算如何使飞行器升入空中。他们是发现狭长的翼型是理想的飞行结构的第一人。他们计算出怎样使机器不仅仅在越过陆地时自如飞行,而且在空气垫的支托下能上下翻飞。他们制作了一个机身前部升降舵,以控制飞机上下飞行时的俯仰角。还在机身后部安装了一对转舵,以控制飞机容易偏来偏去的毛病。他们又设计了一个轮滑系统,能使机翼的形状在飞行中途弯曲,以便飞机转向以及阻止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