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11ImportanceofChildren'sOralHealth儿童口腔健康卫生的重要性FebruaryisNationalChildren'sDental(牙齿的)HealthMonth,butinchildrengoodoralcareiscriticaleveryday.Thefirstcomprehensivestudyonthenation'soralhealth,releasedrecentlybytheOfficeoftheU.S.SurgeonGeneral,callsdentalandoraldiseasesa“silentepidemic(流行病),”eveninchildren.Thereportstatesthatmorethan51millionschoolhoursarelosteachyeartodental-relatedillness.Infact,arecentstudypointedtodentalcareasthemostcommonunmethealthneedamongAmericanchildren.二月份是国家法定儿童牙齿健康月,但是日常良好的儿童口腔护理师至关重要的。最近美国公共卫生局办公室做的第一次有关口腔卫生健康的综合调查,称牙科以及口腔疾病为一种“流行病”,甚至在儿童身上。报道说每年因为相关的牙科疾病要葬送大约1500万个学习日。实际上,近期的一个调查称牙科健康护理是美国儿童最普遍而未能满足的健康需求。Tohelpcounterthis,theAmericanAcademyofPeriodontology(牙周病学)(AAP)islaunchinganefforttoeducatechildrenandparentsaboutthepreventionofdentaldiseasesinchildren.为了防范,美国牙科疾病科学会正在努力教育孩子和家长有关如何防御儿童时期的牙科疾病。“Thisisimportantbecauseoralproblemscanimpactself-esteemforchildrenandleadtoproblemsofeating,speakingandattendingtolearning,”saidMichaelMcGuire,presidentoftheAAP.美国牙科疾病科学会会长MichaelMcGuire说:“这之所以重要是因为口腔的文艺可能会影响到孩子的自尊,甚至导致饮食、言语以及上学等问题”Commondentalproblemsseeninchildrenarecavities(龋洞)andgingivitis(龈牙),whicharefoundinthemajorityofU.S.children.“Whentheseproblemsarenotcaughtearlyandtreated,theycandevelopintomoresevereproblemsandcauseunnecessarysuffering,”saidMcGuire“However,muchofthetime,oralproblemsareavoidableproblems.”普遍的可见性的儿童牙科疾病是龋洞和龈牙,绝大多数美国儿童都患有此类疾病。McGuire说:“当这些问题没有被及早发现和治疗的话,它们就可能发展成更严重的问题并造成没必要的痛苦,但是,大多数时候,口腔疾病是可以避免的。”IntheRioGrandeValleyinTexas,agroupofmorethan120dentistsvolunteerstodeliverdentalcaretothousandsoflow-incomechildreneachyearwithitsMobileDentalUnitthattravelsfromschooltoschool.在德州的里奥格兰德山谷,一群大约120人的牙医志愿者每年都自愿带着可移动性牙科治疗仪挨个学校的给上成千的低收入家庭儿童进行牙科护理。“AccordingtotheSurgeonGeneral'sReport,about37percentofchildrenhavenothadadentalvisitbeforestartingschool,”saidMcGuire.“Whenchildrendon'tseedentiststheymisstheopportunitytohaveproblemscaughtearlybeforetheydevelopintolarger,moreexpensiveproblemstotreat,andparentsmisstheopportunitytolearnhowtopromotegoodoralhabitsintheirchildren.”“据卫生局报道,大约37%的儿童在入学前没有看过牙医”McGuire说。“因为他们不看牙医,在他们发展成治疗起来更复杂,更昂贵的牙科病之前就错失了发现问题的时机,同时家长也错失了学会如何督促孩子从小养成良好口腔卫生习惯的时机。”2UnderstandingAutism理解孤独症1Autism(孤独症)isalife-longdevelopmentaldisabilitythatpreventsindividualsfromproperlyunderstandingwhattheysee,hear,andotherwisesense.Thisresultsinsevereproblemsofsocialrelationships,communication,andbehavior.Individualswithautismhavetopainstakingly'(费力地)learnnormalpatternsofspeechandcommunication,andappropriatewaystorelatetopeople,objects,andevents,inasimilarmannertothosewhohavehadastroke.孤独症是一种终生的发展性残疾,它会妨碍一个人正常的理解自己视觉、听觉以及其他的感觉;会导致严重的社会关系、交流以及行为方面的问题。孤独症患者不得不很吃力的学习正常的言语和交流方式,以及接人待物的适当方法,与中风患者很类似。2Thecauseofautismisstillunknown.Someresearchsuggestsaphysicalproblemaffectingthosepartsofthebrainthatprocesslanguageandinformationcominginfromthesenses.Theremaybesomeimbalanceofcertainchemicalsinthebrain.Genetic(遗传的)factorsmaysometimesbeinvolved.Autismmayindeedresultfromacombinationofseveral“causes”。孤独症的病因还不为人知。有研究暗示是身体上的问题,这些问题会影响处理来自于感官的语言和信息的大脑区域。也可能是大脑中的某些化学物质失衡。有时候与遗传因素也有关系。孤独症甚至可能是多种原因综合引起的。3Mostpeoplewithmentalretardation(智力迟钝的)showrelativelyevenskilldevelopment.Individualswithautism,however,typicallyshowunevenskilldevelopment,withdeficits(~欠缺)incertainareas-mostfrequentlyintheirabilitytocommunicateandrelatetoothers-anddistinctskillsinotherareas.Itisimportanttodistinguishautismfrommentalretardationorotherdisorders,sincediagnostic(诊断的)confusionmayleadtoinappropriateandineffectivetreatmenttechniques.绝大多数智力缺陷的患者一定程度上反映了技能发展的均衡性。但是,孤独症患者典型地反映了技能发展的不均衡性。某些方面的欠缺性——最常见的是与他人交流与交际方面的能力以及其他方面的独特性。区分孤独症与智力缺陷以及其他精神疾病是很重要的。因为诊断模糊混乱可能会造成不恰当的以及无效的治疗方法。4Ingeneral,individualswithautismperformbestatjobswhicharestructuredandinvolveadegreeofrepetition.Somepeoplewhohaveautismareworkingasartists,pianotuners,painters,farmworkers,officeworkers,computeroperators,dishwashers,assemblylineworkers,oremployeesofshelteredworkshopsorothershelteredworksettings.通常说来,孤独症患者在组织性的以及重复性的工作上表现会很出色。一些孤独症患者正从事着艺术家、钢琴调音师、油漆匠、农场工人,办公职员、计算厂机操作员、洗碗工、装配线工人、福利厂以及其他福利场所的雇员工作。3第一篇CallingforSafeCelebrations要安全的庆祝LastFourthofJuly,Pete,a14-year-oldboy,wasenjoyingthelit-upskiesandloudboomsfromthefireworks(烟花)beingsetoffinhisneighborhood.Suddenly,theeveningtookaterribleturn.Abottlerocketshotintohiseye,immediatelycausinghimterriblepain。Hisfamilyrushedhimtotheemergencyroomfortreatment.Asaresultoftheinjury,Petedevelopedglaucoma(青光眼)andcataracts(白内障)。Today,Petehaspermanentvisionlossinhisinjuredeyebecauseofhisbottlerocketinjury.去年7月14日,皮特,一个14岁的大男孩正在欣赏邻居放烟花所燃亮的天空和巨响时,突然,这个傍晚成了一个可怕的转变。一瓶烟花射进她的眼睛,立即使他剧痛起来。他的家人立刻把他送到急救室治疗。由于这次受伤,皮特患了青光眼和白内障。现在,由于那次烟火伤皮特的伤眼已经永久的失明了。JuneisFireworksEyeSafetyAwarenessMonth,andthroughitsEyeSmartcampaigntheAmericanAcademyofOphthalmology(眼科学)wantstoremindconsumerstoleavefireworkstoprofessionals(专业人员)。“ThereisnothingworsethanaFourthofJulycelebrationruinedbysomeonebeinghitintheeyewithabottlerocket,”saidDrJohnC.Hagan,clinicalcorrespondentfortheAcademyandanophthalmologistatDiscoverVisionCentersinKansasCity.“Asafecele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