大学英语专业词汇学Chapter1

The3basicelementsofEnglish:speechsoundsgrammarvocabularyLexicology:AbranchofLinguisticswhichstudiestheoriginsandmeaningsofwords.Tobespecific,theyincludeaspectsliketheformalandsemanticstructure,semanticrelationships,wordformationandusage,thehistoricaldevelopmentandevolutionofwords,etc.AimsandSignificanceoftheCourse:1)Toknowthegeneralrulesofwordformationwhichhelpsusenlargeourvocabulary.2)Tofostertheabilitytouse“therightword”.Asasayinggoes,“Rightwordsinrightplacesmakesagoodwriting.”.3)Tohaveabetterawarenessoflanguage(English).4)Togetadeeperunderstandingofthecultureofforeigncountries.Tosumup,EnglishLexicologyisatheoretically-orientedcourseaswellasapracticalone.ChapterIThebasicconceptsofwordsandvocabularyObjectives:•Introduceadefinitionofaword;•Putforwardthethreemainprinciplesoflexicalclassification;•Elaborateonthefeaturesofbasicwordstockandnon-basicvocabulary.Teachingfocus:•Definitionofaword•Definitionofvocabulary•ClassificationofwordsBasicwordstockandnon-basicvocabularyContentwordsandfunctionalwordsNativewordsandborrowedwords1.1Whatisaword?Awordisaminimalfreeformofalanguagethathasagivensound,meaningandsyntacticfunction.词是具有一定的声音、意义和语法功能，能独立运用的最小的语言单位。Simplewords:Complexwords:de-internationalizationnon-internationalizationsun,book,fine,eat,welletc.internationalization1.2Whatisvocabulary?Thetotalnumberofthewordsinalanguage.Allthewordsusedinaparticularhistoricalperiod.Allthewordsofagivendialect,agivenbook,agivendisciplineandthewordspossessedbyanindividualperson.1.3SoundandmeaningAwordisasymbolthatstandsforsomethingelseintheworld.E.g.,dog,woman,bird,tree,etc.What’stherelationshipbetweensoundandmeaning?Arbitrary(任意性)Conventional(规约性)Arbitrary:nologicalrelationshipConventional:peopleofthesamespeechcommunityhaveagreedtousethesoundtorefertotheentity.English:dog/dog/woman/wuman/bird/bə:d/Chinese:/gou//funǚ//niao/Samesound:/sΛn/sonsun;/flauə/flowerflour1.4SoundandformForm=writtenrecordoftheoralformThetwoforms(written&oralforms)ofalanguageshouldagreewitheachother.InmodernEnglish,sound(pronunciation)andform(spelling)havealotofdifferences.Whatcausesthedifferencesbetweensoundandform?MorephonemesthanlettersNotenoughletterstorepresentphonemesphonemes≥lettersQuickerchangeofsoundthanspellingSoundandspellingdonotchangesimultaneously.Printingstabilizedspellingwhilesoundcontinuedtochange.Deliberatechangeofspellingbyearlyscribesforeasierrecognitioniuvmwnmadehandwritingdifficulttorecognizeandthescribeschangedspellingforms.sumcumwumanwundermunksomecomewomanwondermonkUn-assimilatedborrowingsAlargeproportionofthemarenotassimilatedyet:stimulus(L)dénouement(F)fiesta(Sp)eureka(Gr)kimono(Jap)1.5ClassificationofwordsCriterion:byusefrequencyBasicwordstockNon-basicvocabularyCriterion:bynotionContentwordsFunctionalwordsCriterion:byoriginNativewordsBorrowedword1.Basicwordstockandnonbasicvocabulary基本词汇和非基本词汇Basicwordstock5basicfeaturesofthebasicwordstockAllnationalcharacter全民性Stability稳定性Productivity能产性Polysemy多义性Collocability搭配能力强Allnationalcharacter全民性snow,fire,sunhand,face,father,motherapple,tree;horse,coweat,hear,good,old,I,you,in,outStability稳定性man,fire,mountain,water,sun,moonBUTbow,chariot,knight,rickshaw(outofcommonuse)plane,computer,internet,cellphone(incommonuse)Productivity能产性dog:doglike,doghood(狗性),dogcart,dog-cheap(便宜廉价的),dog-ear(书页折角n.orv.),dog-fall(平局),dog-fight(混战),doghole(狗窝(一样的房间)),dogpaddle(狗爬式),dogsleep(假寐,打盹)Polysemy多义性Mostwordshavepluralmeanings.get,go,etc.Collocability搭配能力强abletoformcollocationsachangeofheart改变主意;afterone’sheart正中下怀;aheartofgold金子般的心;atheart在心底;breakone’sheart令人心碎;crossone’sheart上帝保佑,祈祷;cryone’sheartout痛哭;eatone’sheartout因伤心而消瘦;haveone'sheartinone'smouth忐忑不安,紧张;heartandhand全心全意;heartandsoul全心全意;One’sheartsinkswithinone心寒;takesomethingtoheart把……放在心上,在意;wearone’sheartuponone’ssleeve流露感情;withallone’sheart诚心诚意BUTNotallthewordsofthebasicwordstockhavethesecharacteristics.E.g.,Pronouns,numerals:monosemous,non-productive“Allnationalcharacter”isthemostimportantofallcharacteristics.Non-basicvocabulary1)Terminology专业术语2)Jargon行话3)Slang俚语4)Argot隐语/黑话5)Dialectalwords方言词6)Archaisms古语词7)Neologisms新词语1)Terminology专业术语photoscanning扫描audiovisual视听indigestion消化不良2)Jargon行话shoptalk行话hypo=hypodermicsyringe皮下注射buster=bomb3)Slang俚语（sub-standard）dough,bread=moneysmoky,bear=policedrunk=elevated,merry,jolly,comfortable,boiled,grassy,tight,knockedout,blue-eyed,fried,paralyzed,pickled,stiff,stunned4)Argot隐语/黑话(languageofthein-groupsorcriminals)can-opener=all-purposekey万能钥匙persuader=dagger匕首5)Dialectalwords方言词station(AusE）=ranchauld(ScotE）=oldbluid(ScotE）=blood6)Archaisms古语词wordsnowrestrictedinusesuchasinolderpoems,legaldocumentsandreligiouswritingorspeechthou=youye=you(plural)thee=you(objectivecase)therefrom=fromthatorthere7)Neologisms新词语SARS,e-commerce,on-lineeducation,euro,microblog,SNS,cybernaut,WiFi,etc.2.Contentwordsandfunctionalwords实义词和功能词Contentwords/Notionalwords/LexicalwordsConstitutethemainbodyoftheEnglishvocabulary,numerousandthenumberisevergrowingnoun,verb,adject