大豆生长发育及各个时期国际划分标准.

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大豆的生长发育和各个时期国际划分目录●大豆生长发育●大豆的时期大豆种子萌发出土-大豆种子结构种脐Hilum胚根Radicle胚芽种皮Seedcoat胚轴Hypocotyl子叶Cotyledons生长点和幼叶连接胚根胚芽的短轴生长点和根冠组成大豆种子萌发出土Thetemperatureofsoybeanseedsgermination播种深度对出苗的影响●表1-1播种深度对大豆幼苗器官发育的影响播种越深,下胚轴越长,主根长度下茬不大,而侧根数量则有随着播种深度的加深而减少的趋势,这可能是因为,播种越深,下胚轴长,养分消耗多的缘故。一般大豆的播种深度以4cm产量最高,多雨年份播深以3cm为宜,干旱年份以5cm为好。播深(cm)下胚轴长度(cm)出苗时主根长度(cm)出苗时侧根数量(根)下胚轴重量(mg/株)22.715.92027.644.113.02435.066.212.81742.688.713.21260.7SoybeanMorphology●4种不同类型:子叶第一对真叶(单叶)三出复叶先出叶大豆叶型国际植物遗传资源委员会将大豆小叶形状按照主茎中部发育完全的顶小叶长/宽比,划分为3种类型:狭窄型(披针形);长/宽在2.2或以上者;每荚多为3-4粒,有利于每荚粒数提高狭阔叶型(卵圆形);长/宽在1.8或以下者;每荚多为2-3粒,有利于百粒重增长中间型:长/宽在1.9-2.1之间。OvalLanceolate大豆叶片同化物的输入和输出Soybeanroot大豆的形态特征根系大豆的根系有主根、侧根、细根、根毛和根瘤组成。主根深达180cm,横向扩展35~45cm,主要根系分布在0~20cm耕层内。大豆的根系Soybeanroot由分枝到开花,根的生长最旺盛,从开花末期到豆荚伸长期,根量达到最高峰,以后逐渐衰老。大豆的主茎和分枝(1)主茎大豆的茎比较坚韧,茎上有节,一般主茎有14-16节。幼茎有绿色和紫色两种。茎的形态特点与产量高低有较大关系。(2)分枝大豆茎分若干节,是由茎尖分生组织细胞群(分生区)不断分生而产生。主茎节数与生育期长短有一定关系,一般生育期长,节多。大豆的生长习性无限结荚习性(Indeterminate)主茎和分枝顶端在开花后仍继续生长,开花顺序由下向上,顶端只长出一个荚。植株较高,侧枝发达,豆荚均匀分布在各分枝上,主茎豆荚不集中,荚以中部分枝最多,向上逐渐减少。•MG000-5主茎节的数量在R5期停止增长种植日期和熟期能够影响最终杰德数量大豆的生长习性有限生长习性(Determinate)在主茎生长高度超过成株高度一半以后,才在茎的中上部开始开花,然后向上、向下逐节开花,以后在主茎顶端出现一个大花簇,茎即停止生长。植株矮,主茎粗,节间短,豆荚多集中在主茎上,在肥地不易倒伏,叶片较肥大。•MGV–IX•主茎的节数在R1期停止增加大豆的生长习性亚有限生长习性(Semi-determinate)介于以上两种习性之间而偏于无限习性。植株较高大,主茎较发达,分枝性较差。开花顺序由下而上,主茎结荚较多。在肥水充足和密植时,表现出无限习性特征,而在肥水适宜、稀植时表现近似有限习性特征。大豆生长习性大豆的生长习性是重要的生态性状。在地理分布上有着明显的规律和区域性。南方雨水多,生长季节长,有限生长习性类型多。北方雨水少,生长季节短,无限生长习性类型多。大豆繁殖器官的建成-花和花序●大豆的花着生在叶腋间及茎的顶端,呈总状花序。花朵聚生在花梗上叫花簇。花色白和紫是品种的重要特征上右:1旗瓣2翼瓣3龙骨瓣4雌雄蕊5萼下左:1,2两体雄蕊3柱头●花由苞片、花萼、花冠、雄蕊和雌蕊组成。花朵为苞片所包围,蝶形花冠有5个花瓣,雄蕊10枚,雌蕊1枚。1354212323大豆繁殖器官的建成-花和花序●根据花轴的长度和花数目,可将花序分为3种类型a)长轴型,花序轴长10cm以上,每个轴上着生10-40朵花b)中轴型,花序轴长3-10cm,每个花序着生8-10朵花c)短轴型,花序轴较短,3cm以下,一般3-8朵花Aschematicdiagramofsoybeanplantlifecycle大豆的生长发育过程●大豆的一生要经历种子萌发、出苗、幼苗生长、分枝、开花、结荚、鼓粒、成熟等过程。可分为6个时期:种子萌发和出苗期幼苗期花芽分化期开花结荚期鼓粒期成熟期Developmentofthesoybeangrowthstagesystem●•1949:Numbersystem(Kaltonetal.,1949)–2:Threetrifoliateleavesunrolled=V3–7:Smallpodsontopofplantwithfullpodsatthebottom=R4orR5●•1977:Splitdevelopmentintoavegetativeandreproductivestages(FehrandCaviness,1977)●•2004:Slightchangeindefinitionsfromthemethoddevisedin1977(Pedersen,2004)SoybeanGrowthandDevelopment一些晚熟品种开花后若至于长日照下,其生殖生长停滞,植株上部原有的花荚脱落,营养生长恢复,新的分枝不断发生。在这种情况下,植株最上部4节中不会结荚鼓粒,而植株基部存留的荚能够成熟并是全株达到R7SoybeanGrowthandDevelopment●VegetativeStagesV-StagesVE,VC,V1,V2,V3,Vn●ReproductiveStagesR-StagesR1,R2,R3,…R8StartsatFloweringVE-EMERGENCE●5to14dasafterplanting●CotyledonsabovethesoilsurfaceVC-COTYLEDON●Unifoliolateleaveshaveunrolled●Leavesareopposite●UnifoliateleavesunrolledsuffcientlysotheleafedgesarenottouchingV1STAGE●Onetrifoliolate●Onenodeabovetheunifoliolate●TrifoliolatesareproducedsingularlyandalternatelyV2stage●V2–2NDNODE●•Twotrifoliolates●•Noduleshavebeen●established●•Checkforproper●nodulation●•Ifabsentdetermine●causeandprepareto●applyNV3stage●V3–ThirdNode●3nodesaboveunifoliolate●CotyledonsgoneAxillarybudsallowplantstorecuperate●fromdamageV6Stage●NewVstages●every3days●•50%leafloss=3%yieldlossR1Stage:Beginningbloom●主茎任意节上有一朵花开放Floweringbeginsat3rdto6thnode(V6toV10stage)●Floweringperiodis3to4wk-begins6to8wkafteremergence-PeaksR2toR3;ends–R5●Verticalrootgrowthratesincreaserapidly-asmuchas1.3to3.2in/dayR2:fullbloomOpenfloweratoneofthetwouppermostnodesonthemainstemwithafullydevelopedleafAccumulated25%oftotaldrywt&50%oftotalnode#RapiddrywtandnutrientaccumulationfromR2untilR7inanitionN-fixationrate↑50%defoliation↓yield50%R3:Beginningpod●podsare3/16inch(5mm)atoneofthefouruppermostnodesonthemainstemwithafullydevelopedleaf●Yieldisafunctionof:basepopulationpodnumberSeedsperpodSeedweightAbilitytocompensateforstressbymodifyingthesefactorsdecreasesfromR1toR5R3-初荚前:主茎任意节上出现0.5cm长的幼荚R4:Fullpod●Podsare3/4inch(2cm)atoneofthefouruppermostnodesonthemainstemwithafullydevelopedleaf●Rapidpodgrowth&beginningseedsdevelopment●FromR4tomiddleR5criticalforyieldRapidandsteadydrymatteraccumulationFloweringiscompleteYoungseeds&podsaremostpronetoabortion●Yieldreductivebasedontotalpod#IsthemainyieldlimitingfactorSeed#perpodandseedsizemayalsooccurR5:Beginningseed●seedis1/8inchlong(3mm)longinthepodatoneofthefouruppermostnodesonthemainstemwithafullydevelopedleafR5-(初粒前):主茎任意节上荚果内种子长度达3mmR6:Fullseed●podcontainingagreenseedthatfillsthepodcapacityatoneofthefouruppermostnodesonthemainstemwithafullydevelopedleafR6-(满粒前):主茎任意节上,至少有一荚果内的青绿种子体积达最大值R7:Beginningmaturity●onenormalpodonthemainstemhasreachedit'smaturepodcolor●PlantssheddingleaveisjustpriortoR7R8:Fullmaturity●95%ofthepodshavereachedtheirfullmaturecolor;5-10daysofdryingweatherarerequiredafterR8,beforethesoybeanshavelessthan15percentmoistureDurationofsoybeandevelopmentFigure.Developmentandtimingofvegetativegrowth,flowering,poddevelopment,andseedfilling

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